MTSU Private Pilot EOC

91.213 4 step test for Inoperative Equipment (91.205 TAK)

1. type certificate data sheet VFR (faa website)

2. Airworthiness directives (faa website)

3. 91.205(mandatory equipment)

4. Kind of Operations (AFM)

Airspace

Class A: 18,000 to 60,000 MSL

Class B: Surface to 10,000 MSL extends out to 30NM

Class C: Surface to 4,000 AGL 5NM shelf and 10NM top shelf radius

Class D: Surface to 2,500 AGL extends out to 4NM radius

Class E: Surface, 700, or 1,200 AGL to 17,999 MSL

Class G: Surface to 700, or 1,200 AGL

Airspace VFR Weather Requirments

Class A- NO VFR

Class B- 3 SM visibility, Clear of Clouds

Class C- 3 SM visibility, 1,000 above, 2,000 horizontal, 500 below

Class D- 3 SM visibility, 1,000 above, 2,000 horizontal, 500 below

Class E below 10,000- 3 SM visibility, 1,000 above, 2,000 horizontal, 500 below.

Class E-above 10,000- 5 SM visibility, 1,000 above, 1 mile horizontal, 1,000 below any clouds

Class G during day- 1 SM visibility, clear of clouds

Class G at night- 3 SM visibility, 1,000 above, 2,000 horizontal, 500 below any clouds

Airspace Equipment Requirements

Class A- Must be on IFR flight plan

Class B-Two-way radios, Mode C transponder, Clearance into Class B airspace, ADS-B

Class C- Two-way radios, Mode C transponder, ADS-B

Class D- Two-way radios

Class E/G- No requirements

V-Speeds

Vso- Stall speed in landing config: 49 KIAS

Vs1- Stall speed in specified config: 52 KIAS

Vr- Rotate speed: 59 KIAS

Vfe- Flaps extend LDG: 91 KIAS T/O: 108 KIAS

Va- Maneuvering Speed: 108 KIAS

Vno- Maximum structural cruising speed: 129 KIAS

Vne- Never Exceed Speed: 178 KIAS

Vy- Best rate of climb Cruise: 73 KIAS T/O: 66 KIAS

Vg- Best glide speed: 73 KIAS

Primary Flight Controls

Elevator, Ailerons, Rudder

Secondary Flight Controls

Flaps and Trim

Flaps

Flaps increase drag and lift by changing the shape of the airfoil. help make steeper descent without increasing airspeed

Engine

Lycoming IO-360-M1A, Air cooled, Naturally aspirated, 4 Stroke, 4 Cylinder, Horizontally opposed, Fuel injected, Direct drive, making 180 HP at 2,700 RPM

P-Factor

Descending blade takes a larger bite of air than the ascending blade making you yaw left

Torque Effect

"For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction"

Since Prop spins clockwise, the plane wants to turn left

Gyroscopic Precession

Forces act ninety degrees in the direction of rotation from the point where it is applied to the spinning body

Slip Stream

Prop pushes the air around aircraft pushing the tail to the right and directing the aircraft to the left

Aircraft servicing

G.A.A.V.1.A.T.E.S

G. GPS-28 days

A. Annual-12 calendar months

A. Airworthiness Directives-up to date (FAA website)

V. VOR-30 days

1. 100 Hour-only for aircraft that are for hire

A. Altimeter-24 calendar months

T. Transponder-24 calendar months

E. ELT-12 calendar months

S. Static system-24 calendar months

Transponder Codes

7500-Hijack

7600-Lost comm

7700-Emergency

1200-VFR

COMM's

CTAF-

AWOS-

Blue Raider Ops-121.950

Forward CG

Slower Cruise speed

Higher Stall speed

Increased Stability

Higher Induced drag

Aft CG

Higher Cruise speed

Lower Stall speed

Decreased Stability

Poor Stall recovery

4 Forces of Flight

Lift, Weight, Thrust, and Drag

Fuel

Use 100LL (Blue color)

41.2 Capacity: 40.2 usable and 1 unusable

about 9.8 gal/hr

Fuel reserve

Day VFR flights must carry enough fuel to fly to the first point of intended landing, plus an additional 30 minutes and a reserve of 45 minutes is required for night VFR flights.

Windshear

Change in wind speed and/or direction and associated with strong temp. inversions

LLWS: 10 Knots or greater in wind change and 30 degrees or more in direction change

Conditions for Thunderstorm

1. Sufficient Moisture

2. Unstable Air

3. Lifting Force

Types of Fog

Radiation: forms when the ground cools faster causing cooling of surrounding air to dew point

Advection: when warm air moves over cold air which creates fog and usually found near bodies of water

Upslope: Stable, moist air moves up along terrain and produces fog

91.205 Day VFR ATOMS2FLEAF

A. Airspeed indicator

A. Altimeter

T. Tachometer

T. Temperature gauge

O. Oil pressure gauge

O. Oil temperature gauge

M. Manifold pressure

M. Magnetic compass

S. Seat belt

S. Shoulder harness

F. Fuel gauge

L. Leading gear position indicator

E. Emergency Locating transmitter

A. Anti-collision lights

F. Flotation device

Types of ice

Rime: Small drops hit the aircraft and freezes rapidly Clear: Large drops hit the aircraft and freeze slowly

Mixed: Mixture of both

Stages of Thunderstorm

1. Cumulus stage: updrafts

2. Mature stage

3. Dissipating stage: downdrafts

Pitot-Static System

Airspeed indicator: measure dynamic pressure and only instrument to use pitot tube and static port

Altimeter: uses static pressure to sense change in pressure

Vertical Speed Indicator: only measure static pressure

Gyroscopic Instruments

Turn Coordinator

Heading Indicator

Attitude Indicator

Minimum Safe Altitudes

ANYWHERE: glide with undue hazard

CONGESTED: 1,000' above highest obstacle and 2,000' horizontally

OTHER: 500' above surface

Documents in possession to be PIC

1. Government issued photo ID

2. Medical Certificate

3. Pilot certificate

4. Logbook (Student Pilot)

Eligibility to be a Private Pilot

1. Must be at least 17 years old

2. Speak, read, and write English

3. Hold at least a 3rd class medical

4. Receive and log ground training

5. Pass knowledge test

6. Receive proper flight training

7. Pass practical test

Endorsements required for solo flights

Pre solo knowledge test

Pre solo flight training

Pre solo training at night

Solo flight within the 90 days

Solo takeoff and landing at an airport within 25 NM

Solo cross country

Repeated Solo cross country

Solo flight in class B airspace

Solo to or from Bravo airspace

ARROW

A. Airworthiness certificate

R. Registration

R. Radio operators license

O. Operating Limitations (POH)

W. Weight and Balance (POH)

Medical Certificates

3RD CLASS: 60 months (24 if over 40)

2ND CLASS: 12 months

1ST CLASS: 12 months (6 if over 40)

First and second class revert to a third class once the 12 months have passed

Private Pilot Limitations

Cannot: Fly for compensation or hire

Can: Pro-rate share, demo aircraft for sale, provide plane rides for charity, Tow glider, Participate in search and rescue

FAR 91.17

Has to be 8 hrs since your last drink in order to be PIC, while have a BAC of .04

91.103 Night VFR FLAPS

F. Fuses

L. Landing Lights

A. Anit-collision Lights

P. Position Lights

S. Source of Power

Diversion Procedures

1. Note the time

2. Determine new destination

3. Turn to appropriate direction

4. Determine distance, heading, fuel

6. Get appropriate information from diversion airport

SIGMET

Significant Meteorological Information

- Weather that is potentially hazardous to all aircraft

-Severe Icing

-Severe or extreme turbulence

-Dust storms or sand storms with vis < 3 sm

-Volcanic Ash

Valid for 4 hrs and 6 hrs for hurricanes and volcanic ash

Convective SIGMET

Severe/greater turbulence, Severe icing, low-level wind shear, and Thunderstorms

Valid for up to 2 hours,

issued hourly

Hazardous Attitudes

Anti-authority: "Don't tell me what to do"

- Antidote: follow the rules

Impulsivity: "Do something quickly"

- Antidote: Not so fast. Think first

Invulnerability: "It won't happen to me"

- Antidote: It could happen to me

Macho: "I can do it"

- Antidote: Taking chances is foolish

Resignation: "Whats the use"

- Antidote: I can make a difference and I am not helpless

Hypoxia and different types

Insufficient oxygen to the body

Symptoms: Headaches, funniness, Dizzy, Tingles

Hypoxic Hypoxia: Loss of oxygen due to atmospheric conditions

Hypemic Hypoxia: The blood is not able to cary the oxygen properly due to some medical condition or CO

Histotoxic Hypoxia: Alcohol or drugs in your system which lowers the oxygen supply to the brain

Stagnant Hypoxia: Poor blood circulation creating oxygen deficiency from excessive G forces

Visual Illusion at Night

A false horizon

- Trust your instruments

Autokinesis

- Thinking a stationary light is moving by staring at it for a long period

Vertigo

- From Flickering lights and can cause disorientation

Black Hole illusion

- The only thing illuminated is the runway so I makes it hard to judge how high off the ground you are

METAR

- Surface weather observation

- issued every hour and valid for an hour

TAF

Terminal Aerodrome Forecast

- Issued every 6 hours, 4 times a day and valid for 24 hours

FA

Area Forecast

- Issued 3 times a day every 8 hours

AIRMET

Airmen's meteorological info:

Weather that maybe hazardous to single engine, other light aircraft and VFR pilots

Airmet Sierra

- Ceilings less than 1,000 ft,

- Mountain obscuration

Airmet Tango

- Moderate turbulence,

- Surface winds of 30kts or more

Airmet Zulu

- Moderate Icing

- Freezing levels

issued every 6 hours

PIREPS

Pilot Weather Reports

UA - Routine

UUA - Urgent

Made by ATC and Pilots

- For Turbulence, Icing, Ash, Wind shear, CAT

Types of Briefings

Standard: Depart within 6 hours

Abbreviated: updates an earlier briefing

Outlook: Depart time is 6 hours or more

NOTAMS

Notice to Airmen

- Temporary changes

- runway closures

FDC NOTAMS

- Flight Data Center

- Mandatory compliance Ex:TFR

NOTAM(D)

- About airports

- Runway closure etc.

Sectional chart

View legend

Pilotage

Navigation by visual reference to landmarks.

Dead Reckoning

Navigation by using Navlog created calculation altitude, airspeed, and checkpoints

Hyperventilation

Lack of O2 in the body

It can can cause

- Stress, Panic, and Anxiety

D.E.C.I.D.E

- Detect change

- Estimate the significance

- Choose an outcome

- Identify options

- Do the best option

- Evaluate the progress

IMSAFE

Illness

Medication

Stress

Alcohol

Fatigue

Eating

WX.K.R.A.F.T.N

WX. Weather

K. Known ATC delays

R. Runway Lengths

A. Alternates

F. Fuel requirements

T. Takeoff and landing distances

N. NOTAMS

Cones and Rods

Cones

- use during day

- are at the center of the eye and detect color

Rods

- Use during the night and locked in he back of the eye

- Takes 30 minutes to adjust to darkness

Oxygen Requirements

Below 12,500 MSL

- No oxygen required

Between 12,500 and 14,000 MSL

- oxygen required after 30 minutes

Above 14,000

- oxygen required at all times for flight crew

Above 15,000

- oxygen required for everyone on board

Types of Altitudes

-Indicated: Read off altimeter

-Pressure: Height above standard datum plane

-Density: pressure altitude corrected for non standard temperature

-True: actual altitude above (MSL)

-Absolute: height above the ground (AGL)

Illusions

Leans illusion

- you feel like your straight an level but you aren't bc horizon might be difficult to reference

Coriolis illusion

- Sudden tilting of the head while on a turn which can cause you to think your in a turn

Drag

induced Drag

Parasite Drag

Skin drag

- anything that will disrupt the flow of air Ex: bugs on wings

Form Drag

- Caused by the shape fo the fuselage

Interference drag

- where part of aircraft meet at an angle

Lost Procedures

Climb

Communicate

Confess

Comply

Conserve

Propeller

74 inch diameter, 2 bladed, constant speed, variable pitch, hydraulically actuated

Alternator

Charges the battery

28 Volts, 70 amps

Battery

24 volts, 13.6 amps

Landing gear

Tricycle gear and free castering nose wheel

Light Gun Signals

On the ground

-steady green:clear for takeoff

-flashing green:clear to taxi

-steady red:stop

-flashing red: taxi clear of RWY

-red and green:excersize extreme caution

-white-return to starting point of airport

in the air

-steady green:clear to land

-flashing green:return for landing

-steady red:give way to other aircraft and continue circling

-flashing red: airport unsafe do not land

-red and green: excersize extreme caution

-white:N/A

What is the procedure for spin recoveries(PARE)

Power idle

Ailerons neutral

Rudders opposite

Elevator down

What chapter of the AFM is operating limits in

Chapter 2