AP Chemistry Free-Response Concepts

Flashcards covering key concepts and equations from AP Chemistry Free-Response Questions.

What is Planck's constant and its value?

Planck's constant, h, is 6.626 × 10⁻³⁴ J s.

How is energy related to frequency and wavelength?

E = hν and c = λν, where E is energy, h is Planck's constant, ν is frequency, c is the speed of light, and λ is wavelength.

What does Kc represent in equilibrium?

Kc represents the equilibrium constant in terms of molar concentrations.

What is the equation for Kc?

Kc = [C]^c [D]^d / [A]^a [B]^b for the equilibrium reaction aA + bB ⇌ cC + dD.

What does pH represent, and how is it calculated?

pH represents the acidity of a solution and is calculated as pH = -log[H+].

What is the ideal gas law?

The ideal gas law is represented by PV = nRT, where P is pressure, V is volume, n is number of moles, R is the gas constant, and T is temperature.

What is Faraday's constant?

Faraday's constant, F, is 96,485 coulombs per mole of electrons.

What is the relationship between enthalpy (ΔH) and specific heat (q) equation?

q = mcΔT, where q is heat, m is mass, c is specific heat capacity, and ΔT is the change in temperature.

What is the relationship between ΔG° and equilibrium constant K?

ΔG° = -RT ln K, relating Gibbs free energy and the equilibrium constant.

What are the factors that affect reaction rates?

Factors that affect reaction rates include concentration, temperature, particle size, and presence of a catalyst.

What is Ksp and how is it expressed for a saturated solution?

Ksp is the solubility product constant expressed as Ksp = [Sr²+][OH⁻]² for Sr(OH)₂.

What is the role of intermolecular forces in the boiling point of liquids?

Stronger intermolecular forces result in higher boiling points.

How do you calculate molarity (M) of a solution?

Molarity (M) is calculated as moles of solute per liter of solution.