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Alliteration

The repetition of the same consonant sound at the beginning of nearby words.

Allusion

An indirect reference to a person, event, text, or work of art.

Anaphora

The repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses.

Antithesis

A contrast of ideas expressed in a balanced or parallel structure.

Apostrophe

A direct address to an absent or imaginary person or to an abstract idea.

Asyndeton

The omission of conjunctions between parts of a sentence.

Chiasmus

A reversal in the order of words in two otherwise parallel phrases.

Colloquialism

An informal or conversational use of language.

Connotation

The implied or suggested meaning of a word beyond its dictionary definition.

Denotation

The literal, dictionary definition of a word.

Diction

The author’s word choice, which helps create tone and meaning.

Didactic

A tone intended to teach or instruct, often with a moral lesson.

Epistrophe

The repetition of a word or phrase at the end of successive clauses.

Euphemism

A mild or indirect word used in place of a harsher or more direct one.

Hyperbole

Exaggeration used for emphasis or effect.

Imagery

Descriptive language that appeals to the senses.

Irony

The contrast between expectation and reality, often highlighting contradictions.

Juxtaposition

Placing two ideas side by side to emphasize contrast.

Litotes

An understatement made by denying the opposite of the statement.

Logos

Appeal to logic and reasoning.

Metaphor

A comparison between two unlike things without using “like” or “as.”

Metonymy

Replacing the name of a thing with something closely associated with it.

Oxymoron

A figure of speech that combines contradictory terms.

Paradox

A statement that seems contradictory but reveals a truth.

Parallelism

The repetition of similar grammatical structures for effect.

Pathos

Appeal to emotion.

Personification

Giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.

Polysyndeton

The deliberate use of many conjunctions between parts of a sentence.

Repetition

Using the same word or phrase multiple times to reinforce an idea.

Rhetorical Question

A question asked for effect, not meant to be answered.

Satire

Use of humor, irony, or exaggeration to criticize or expose flaws.

Synecdoche

A figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa.

Syntax

The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences.

Tone

The author's attitude toward the subject conveyed through style and diction.

Understatement

Presenting something as less significant than it really is.