Biology V Nemesis Games

Anatomy

study of the structures and the parts of an organism

Botany

study of plants, their structures, histology, physiology, genetics, and ecology

Taxonomy

classification of species

Zoology

study of animal behavior, physiology, structure, classification, and distribution

Microbiology

study of microorganisms

Mycology

study of fungi

Parasitology

study of parasitic organisms

Phycology

study of algae

Virology

study of viruses

Physiology

studies the normal functions of various parts of living organisms

Cytology

study of structures and functions of the cells

Genetics

study of genes, genetic variations, and principles of heredity in living organisms

Ecology

study of the interaction of living things within their environment

Evolution

study of heritable changes and diversification in different kinds of organisms over multiple generations

Biochemistry

study of various chemical processes occurring within the body

Bioinformatics

study of living biological data using computer programs

Genomics

study of the entire genetic material of an organism

Molecular Biology

deals with the structure of proteins and nucleic acids and their functions

Biotechnology

exploitation of biological processes to solve certain problems faced by humans in life

Immunology

study of immune systems

Marine Biology

study of sea creatures and their environment

Embryology

study of formation and development of organism

Proteomics

study of different proteins in an organisms

Pathology

study of the diagnosis of diseases

Zacharias Jansen

Dutch lens-maker who invented the first microscope with a magnification of 4x in 1595.

Robert Hooke

British scientist who observed a thin slice of cork. Used a simple microscope with a magnification of 50x in 1665. First used the word cell as the basic unit of life.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Dutch scientist who examined in his simple microscope red blood cells, sperm and animalcules(archaic for microorganisms) in 1673. Father of microbiology. His microscope’s magnification was 250x.

Robert Brown

Scottish scientist and botanist who discovered that molecules move in straight zigzag motions in 1833. Known as Brownian motion. He observed the cells of orchids. He discovered that a cell has a central part called a nucleus?

Felix Dujardin

French biologist in who discovered a thick fluid called “sarcode” in 1835 - the living substance of the cell.

Sarcode

old name of protoplasm; fluid substance

Johannes Evangelista Purkinje

Czech anatomist and physiologist who changed the term sarcode to protoplasm as the fluid substance of the cell in 1837

Matthias Schleiden

1838, German botanist who discovered that all plants are made up of cells.

Theodor Schwann

German Zoologist & Physiologist that discovered that all animals are made up of cells in 1839.

Rudolf Virchow

German Biologist, quoted as saying omnis cellula e cellula, he said that a cell comes from a pre-existing cell in 1858.

Nucleus

Referred to as the brain of the cell, it controls all metabolic activities that carries on within a cell.

Cell membrane

Provides protection and it is selectively permeable in nature since it has the ability to control what enters and exits the cell

Cytoplasm

Clear thick fluid that contains organelles

Endoplasmic reticulum

Network of tubes, sacs and membranes responsible for transporting materials from one part of the cells to another

Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum

Storage for fats, lipids, and carbohydrates

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Where ribosomes are located

Ribosomes

Tiny spherical structures that help make proteins. It can be found in the cytoplasm or attached to the ER. It is also the site of protein synthesis.

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell. Where respiration takes place. It also produces ATP or Adenosine Triphosphate

Glycolysis

Process of mitochondrian respiration

Golgi Apparatus

Numerous layers which form a sac-like structure. It’s function includes Electron Transport Chain protein packaging and it’s distribution to other of the cell.

Centrioles

Releases spindle-like formations that attach to chromosomes during one of the cell division

Vacuole

It acts as a storage area for food, water, waste, and minerals. This makes up 40% of a plant cell while animal cells are only 10%

Lysosomes

Small structures that contain enzymes which are needed in digestion. It is called the suicide sac

Cytoskeleton

Serves as the bones of the cell. It holds the cell walls and organelles in place.

Cell Wall

Non-living structure that surrounds a plant cell. It is made up of a tough fiber called cellulose

Cilia and Flagella

are locomotory appendages found on the exterior of cells

Chloroplast

contains the green pigment called chlorophyll used for photosynthesis

Prokaryotic

Lack of a nucleus, uses a nucleoid, which is a region of coiled up DNA.

Eukaryotic

DNA is contained in a nucleus. Which separates the DNA from the cytoplasm

Cartilage Cell (Chordocytes)

Similar to bone cells but the surrounding material is just lose and flexible compared to those of bone cells.

Bone Cells (Osteocytes)

Bound by calcium and phosphate material. Toughest cells in the body,

Nerve Cells

Many branches are their ends, They are found in the brain and spinal cord.

Epithelial Cells

These cells form the outer layers of all organs and are present in skin and scalp

Muscle Cells

These cells are mostly long, large and has the ability to contract and relax, providing movements

Skeletal Muscle Cells

Attached to long bones and assist in their movements

Cardiac Muscle Cells

Heart Cells

Smooth Muscle Cells

Flexible cells present in the stomach, intestines, and blood vessel walls.

Islet of Langerhans Cell

Alternative name for the pancreatic cell.

Secretory Cells

These cells as the name indicates are secretory in nature. Found in all secretory organs.

Adipose Cells

Fat cells, which serve as a lubricant to reduce friction to the body.

Sperm Cells

Haploid sex cell present only in males

Hyaluronidase

Enzyme that helps sperm penetrate uterine tissue and oocyte

Blood Cells

These cells are mobile and never stay in one place.

Erythrocyte

Red blood cell, role of oxygen transport

Lymphocyte

White blood cell, role of first response to pathogens

Platelet

Role of blood clotting during blood vessel breaches

Oocytes

Better known as egg cells, these are the female haploid sex cells, they are only located in the uterus

Rods and cones

Captures light and colors to be converted into images. Located in the eye.

Base

Y, U, or Square shaped stand that supports the microscope.

Pillar

Short piece of metal attached to one end of the base, it also supports the microscope

Inclination Joint

Found at the junction of the pillar and the handle. It is used to tilt the microscope.

Adjustment Screws

2 pairs of wheels attached to either side of the body tube

Coarse Adjustment Screws

low power objective

Fine Adjustment Screws

delicate focusing in connection with HPO and OIO

Arm or Handle

Curved metallic part arising from the pillar. It is used to hold the microscope.

Dust Shield

Thin circular structure at the lower end of the body tube, it is used to protect the objective and specimen from dust.

Rotating Nosepiece or turret

Circular structure at the lower end of the body tube to which the objectives are attached.

Scanner Magnification

4x

LPO Definition

Low Power Objective - 10x

HPO Definition

High Power Objective - 40x

OIO Definition

Oil Immersion Objective, 100x

Stage

Square platform with an opening at the center. It is where the slide is placed during focusing.

Stage Clip

Paired structures on either side of the stage. It is used to hold the slide in place during focusing.

Mirror Rack

Found below the stage and attached the pillar. It holds the mirror

Body Tube

Cylindrical structure arising vertically from the handle. It holds the dust shield and the nosepiece with the objectives on the lower end.

Draw Tube

Upper smaller end of the body tube bearing the eyepiece or ocular

Mirror

Found below the stage near the base provided with concaved and plane surfaces. It is used to collect light for the specimen.

Iris Diagram

Found below the stage consisting of regularly arranged circular blades used to regulate a central opening to decrease or increase the light reflected onto the specimen.

Ocular or Eyepiece

Found on the drawtube through which operator peeps during actual focusing

Objectives

Tube-like structures attached to the revolving nosepiece.

Abbe Condenser

Lens found immediately beneath the hole of the stage. It is used to concentrate light rays on the specimen.

Pro-

Greek for Before

Eu-

Greek for True

Karyon

Greek for Kernel

Pili

Shortest length appendages

Cilia

Medium length appendages