Health: The Basics 14th Edition Chapter 7

Birth Control

Anything that prevents the likelihood of pregnancy

Contraception

Devices, drugs, or behaviors that prevent conception

Conception

When a sperm reaches an egg, usually in the fallopian tube

Fertility

A person's ability to reproduce

Perfect-use failure rate

Number of pregnancies likely to occur (per 100) in the first year of use of a method if used consistently and accurately

Typical-use failure rate

Number of pregnancies likely to occur (per 100) in first year of use of a method if not used consistently and accurately

Barrier Methods

Contraceptive methods that block the meeting of egg and sperm by means of a physical barrier (such as a condom), a chemical barrier (such as a spermicide), or both

Hormonal methods

Contraceptive methods that introduce synthetic hormones into a woman's body to prevent ovulation, thicken cervical muscles, or prevent a fertilized egg from implanting

Intrauterine methods

Contraceptive methods in which a device is inserted into the uterus to either introduce synthetic hormones or interfere with sperm movement or egg fertilization

Behavioral methods

Temporary or permanent abstinence or planning intercourse around fertility patterns

Permanent Methods

Surgically altering a man's or woman's reproductive system to permanently prevent pregnancy

Barrier methods include...?

the male condom (~82% effective with typical use), the female condom (~79% effective with typical use), diaphragm (~88% effective with typical use), and Spermicide (~72% effective with typical use)

Diaphragm

A shallow latex cup that fits over the cervix, blocking access to the uterus

Hormonal contraception

Contains synthetic estrogen and/or progestin, Introduced into a woman's system to prevent ovulation or fertilized egg from implanting, Does not protect against STIs, Available in transdermal, injection, and oral forms, Requires a prescription.

Oral contraceptives

Prevent ovulation, combination of synthetic estrogen and progesterone, must be taken daily, may help lessen menstrual difficulties, possible health problems include the following:
blood clots, stroke, heart attack, high blood pressure, with typical use, 91 percent effective

Progestin-Only Pills

Pills that contain a small dose of progestin and no estrogen

Contraceptive Skin Patch

Releases estrogen and progestin slowly into the bloodstream. ~91% typical use

Vaginal contraceptive ring

flexible ring releasing small amounts of estrogen and progesterone to prevent pregnancy. ~91% effective with typical use

Contraceptive Injections

Depo-Provera is an injectable method of birth control that lasts for 3 months. With typical use it has a 6% failure rate

Contraceptive Implants

Nexplanon (formerly called Implanon) is a single-rod implantable capsule that is inserted just beneath the skin on the inner side of a woman's upper underarm and releases a low, steady dose of progestin for up to 3 years; the typical failure rate is less than 1 percent.

Intrauterine devices (IUDs)

Small, plastic, and flexible devices that are placed in the uterus and left there for 3-12 years at a time

ParaGard

A T-shaped plastic device with copper wrapped around the shaft; does not contain any hormones and is effective for 10 years

Mirena

Effective for 5 years and releases small amounts of progestin

Skyla and Kyleena

Lower dose and smaller-sized version of Mirena

Withdrawal

Removing the penis from the vagina just prior to ejaculation. Highly unreliable, offers no protection against STIs

Abstinence

Deliberately avoiding intercourse. Massaging, kissing, solitary masturbation. The only method that is 100 percent effective against pregnancy and STIs

"Outercourse"

Includes oral/genital sex and mutual masturbation. Can be 100 effective against pregnancy if the male doesn't ejaculate near the vaginal opening. Not effective against STIs because of possible oral/genital contact, unless condoms are used

Cervical mucus method

Check color and consistency to determine fertile times. Avoid sexual activity when mucus is present and for several days afterward.

Body temperature method

A woman's basal body temperature rises between 0.4 and 0.8 degrees after ovulation. Abstain from sexual activity before the temperature rises until several days after the temperature rise is observed.

Calendar method

Assumes that ovulation occurs during the midpoint of the cycle. These methods offer no STI protection, and may not work for women with irregular menstrual periods.

Ella

Only available by prescription and can be taken 5 days after unprotected intercourse

Tubal Ligation

Fallopian tubes sealed to block sperm

Essure

Placement of micro coils into the fallopian tubes

Hysterorectomy

Surgical removal of the uterus

Vasectomy

A male sterilization procedure that involves cutting and tying off the vasa deferentia

Roe V. Wade (1973)

Stated that the "right to privacy founded on the Fourteenth Amendment's concept of personal liberty is broad enough to encompass a woman's decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy

Pro-Choice

Belief that it is a woman's right to make decisions about her own body and health

Pro-Life

Belief that the embryo or fetus is a human being with rights that must be protected

Suction curettage

Abortion technique that happens in the first trimester

Dilation and evacuation (D&E)

Abortion technique that happens in the second trimester

Intact dilation and extraction (D&X)

Abortion technique that happens in the third trimester

Mifepristone/misoprostol

Formerly known as Ru-486, and currently sold in the United States under the brand name Mifeprex. Known as the "abortion pill". Steroid hormone that induces abortion by blocking the action of progesterone

What are early signs of pregnancy?

Missed period, although spotting may occur, breast tenderness, emotional upset, extreme fatigue, nausea and vomiting (morning sickness), are most common in the morning but can occur any time of day, sleeplessness

First Trimester

Few noticeable changes in a woman's body. May urinate more often and experience morning sickness. Embryo differentiates and develops organ systems. At the start of the third month, the embryo is called a fetus, indicating all organs are in place

Second Trimester

Physical changes in the woman's body become more noticeable

Placenta

The network of blood vessels connected to the umbilical cord that carries oxygen and nutrients from mother to fetus and fetal waste products to mother becomes well-established

Third Trimester

Greatest fetal growth; gains most of the weight. The fetus must get large amounts of calcium, iron, and nitrogen from the mother's food intake. The fat layer develops in the eighth month. Respiratory and digestive organs need further development to avoid complications.

Emotional Changes

Woman may experience fear of complications, anxiety, wonder, and excitement over the baby

Choosing a practitioner

Begin regular medical checkups as soon as possible

Nutrition and Exercise

Pregnant women need additional protein, calories, vitamins, and minerals. Recommended normal weight gain is 25 to 35 pounds. Obese women should gain only between 11 to 20 pounds. Underweight women should gain between 28 and 40 pounds

Avoiding Drugs, Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Teratogens

A healthcare provider should be consulted before the use of any drug, even aspirin. Maternal consumption of alcohol is detrimental to a growing fetus and may result in alcohol syndrome. Smoking harms every phase of reproduction.

Prenatal testing and screening

Ultrasonography or ultrasound, Chorionic villus sampling (CVS), The triple marker screen (TMS), The quad screen, The integrated screen

Amniocentesis

Recommended for women over the age of 35, between weeks 14 and 18. Screens for birth defects such as Down syndrome

Managing labor

Pain medication
Lamaze method

Cesarean section (C-section)

Surgical procedure is most often used if labor lasts too long or the baby is in physiological distress. The rate of delivery by C-section in the United States has increased from 5 percent in the mid-1960s to nearly one-third today.

Preeclampsia

Characterized by high blood pressure, protein in urine, and edema

Left untreated, preeclampsia can cause strokes and seizures, a condition known as ...?

Eclampsia

Miscarriage

occurs in 15-20 percent of pregnancies, usually during the first trimester

Ectopic Pregnancy

The implantation of a fertilized egg outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube or sometimes in the pelvic cavity. These pregnancies must be terminated since the blastocyst cannot survive and there is a risk to the mother

Stillbirth

The death of the fetus after the 20th week of pregnancy

The postpartum period

begins soon after the delivery of the baby and usually lasts six to eight weeks and ends when the mother's body has nearly returned to its pre-pregnant state

Causes of infertility in women

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the leading cause of infertility, Obesity is a risk factor of PCOS, increasing the level of estrogen in the body, and can cause ovulatory disorders with inhibit pregnancy, Endometriosis, Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

Cause(s) of infertility in men

Low sperm count

Fertility Drugs

Stimulate ovulation in women who are not ovulating. Side effects include headaches, fatigue, and hot flashes. Can trigger the release of more than one egg.

Alternative insemination

Women inseminated with a partner’s sperm or sperm obtained through a sperm bank known as in vitro fertilization, or IVF)

Assisted reproductive technology (ART)

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI): sperm is injected into the egg. Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT): "harvest" egg and place it in the fallopian tube with sperm. Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT): Combines IVF and GIFT.

Nonsurgical embryo transfer and other techniques

A donor egg is fertilized by the man's sperm and implanted in the woman's uterus. Embryo adoption programs.

Surrogacy

An option in which a woman is hired to carry another person's pregnancy

Confidential adoption

Occurs when neither the birth parents nor the the adoptive parents know each other

Open adoption

Occurs when birth parents and adoptive parents know something about each other. All parties must agree on the level of openness