Unit One Exam History 1301

prof: chad tomaselli @ grayson college

Six Arguments of Colonists against Eng

1. Violation of rights as british citizens

2. the king personally violated their rights

3. taxes existed w/out precedent

4. no point bc they wouldnt be enforced

5. not fair

6. no taxation w/out representation

sons of liberty

title used by colonists fighting compliance to new taxes

• tarring and feathering

• poured hot oil down throats

famous sons of liberty

john hancock and samuel adams(boston chapter)

Sugar Act (1764)

big tax on french molasses to encourage buying british molasses

• colonists wrote angry letters

Stamp Act (1765)

tax on all paper products

Stamp Act Congress (1765)

gathering with representatives from 9/13 colonies to fight stamp act

• wrote letter w/ “no taxation w/out representation”

• little to no short term change

Declaratory Act (1766)

repealed sugar and stamp acts, stated colonists had virtual representation by all of congress

reasons parliament didnt give colonies represantives

1. saw colonists as lesser englishmen

2. would have caused other non-white colonists to ask for reps

Townsend Acts (1767)

small tax on 5 most imported products to colonies (glass, led, paper, paint, tea)

• got rid of all but tea tax

Boston Massacre (5 March 1770)

escalated conflict between colonist teens and british soldiers that lead to 5 civilians being killed

• name penned by Sons of Lib

Crispus Attacks

black man who was first to die from boston massacre

tea act (1773)

gov policy that gave British East India company monopoly on tea trade to prevent BEIC going bankrupt

Boston Tea Party (16 Dec 1773)

Sons of Lib dressed as natives and dumped 340 crates of tea into harbor

• 2m dollars of tea

Ecletnon Tea Party (25 Oct 1774, North Carolina)

51 WOMEN wrote letters and boycotted BEIC tea

• first political action led by women

Battle of Lexington and Concord (19 April 1775)

beginning of fighting for revolutionary war

• colonial victory

2nd Continental Congress (before declaration)

• created continental army and appointed George Washington

• requested assistance from French

• sent out Olive Branch Petition

Olive Branch Petition

document sent directly to King George III seeking to reach a compromise that lead to Proclamation of Rebellion

• showed colonists did not originally want independence

continental congress acts as a government

1. sold bonds to raise money

2. oversaw continental army

3. recruited foreign military officers

4. successfully got help from France

5. authored new constitution and government

General Von Steuben

prussian man hired to train colonial militia into a disciplined and proffesional army

• commands got translated german → french → english

Marquis de Lafayette

french noble who supported colonist’s in independence that was a skilled general who also fought good

Intolerable Acts, or Coercive Acts (1774)

collection of acts imposed mostly on Boston and Massachusetts that resulted from Parliament/Kings anger at colonists destroying property

Boston Port Act

boston harbor was closed until destroyed tea was paid for

Justice Act

trial of british soldiers was held in london courts, not colony courts

• protected against persecution of soldiers

Second Quartering Act

British officers given the right to quarter soldiers in private homes, without compensation

Government Act

• basic rights stripped from Mass (assembly, press, speech)

• legislative power given to crown appointed governor

• colonial assembly loses power

• democracy undone in favor of crown

colonial response to intolerable act

• mass. began war with passage of acts

• other colonies saw they would likely be treated the same way

First Continental Congress (Fall 1774)

12/13 colonies sent reps to meet in Philadelphia to discuss intolerable acts→ drafted document of grievances w/demand if repeal

• stated six arguments

• agree to train militia

• “wait and see” not revolution, but seeking rights

Thomas Paine’s Common Sense

persuasive pamphlet written in 1776 stating arguments for independence in simple language

• got common people to support rebellion

• hired to write for continental congress

Thomas Jefferson

wrote majority of D of I last minute by himself

• future VP, Pres., and had key ideas to American politics

philosopher John Locke’s “Social Contract”

the idea that there are certain exceptions between authority and followers, including:

• consent of governed

• gov gives right to life liberty and property

• people must remove bad gov and rebuild a good one

relation between John Locke’s ideas and D of I

Jefferson tried to show that British government was bad because it didn’t protect Life, Liberty, and Property of colonies so colonist were acting on their duty to withdraw consent and build a new gov

• provided moral code for government, not system

“ all men are created equal” meaning in D of I vs now

• then: all white, british, land-owning men were created

• now: all people are created equal

significance of D of I

• established colonists’ independence on paper, but they still had to win war for real independence

• created framework/inspo for future documents by other countries

ration of colonists who: wanted indep., loyalists, vs neutral

• wanted indep: 40-45%

• loyalists: 15-20%

• neutral: 35-45%

reasons colonists stayed loyal to british

• old/wealthy→ rejected any change

• valued british identity

• didn’t believe colonists could win war

• supported ideals but rejected colonists’ violence

washington’s W-L % for rev. war battles

W- 2 ½

L- 30+

washington’s key skills as a general

retreat and leadership

• kept morale high despite losses

washington’s battle strategy in rev. war

survive long enough with minimal material losses so that british would waste resources and quit

Battle of Saratoga ( 7 October 1777)

american victory that convinced french to support war effort

significance of french help during war

america wouldn’t have won w/out french army, money and supplies

• supplied 80-90% of black powder used

Treaty of Paris (1783)

treaty that ended/paused revolutionary war

• john jay, john adams, and ben franklin represented US In france

five terms to Treaty of Paris (1783)

1. Brits recognize american indep

2. established new US borders

3. Brit. agreed to remove troops right away

4. US agreed to pay debt to Brit., even for Rev. War

5. US agreed to restore rights and property of loyalists

significance of Treaty of Paris (1783)

both sides failed to uphold promises long term

• in some cases, there was more of a pause than an end to conflict

significance of Revolutionary War

the new US gov + gov ideals had to succeed or war was pointless

amnt of Native Americans on now US territory prior to european contact

2m-18m

wide range due to natives using oral tradition over written records

government structures present in both Europe and Native Nations

monarchies, empires, etc.

reason europe naming system of native groups was flawed

europeans group together all natives who spoke the same language, when there were many divisions within one language group

Iroquois Confederacy (1500-1780)

loose union of 5 different Iroquois speaking groups that served as buffer state between french and english

• choose wrong sides and lost significance at end of american revolution

most common outcome for natives after colonization

death and disease; 90% died between 1500 and 1650

leading countries in exploration

spain, portugal, france, netherlands/dutch, england

meanings of Gold in 3 G’s

1. mineral gold that was stolen/mined

2. wealth through cultivation of resources others gave gold for

meaning of Glory in 3 G’s

honor/respect for country, self, monarchy, and/or faith by attaining power or prestige

meaning of God in 3 G’s

1. travel to escape religious persecution

2. travel for missionary work (mostly catholic and unsuccesful)

royal colony meaning

colony under charge of British gov.

• every other country only had royal colonies (new spain, new france, etc.)

• focus on gold over God/glory

charter colony meaning

colony operated by a company (for day to day) but still technically under British gov

• focus on gold over God/glory

proprietary colony meaning

founded and ran by a single person or small group w/out british influence

• usually focus on God over glory/gold

Roanoke Island, Virginia Colony (1586-87, 1590)

colony established that was left then visited two years later and every colonist disapeared with no trace, more settlers dropped, visited 3 years later, no people again just “croatan” carved into a tree

• first english colony and overall failure

• proprietary founded by Sir Walter Raleigh

• motivated by gold

Jamestown, Virginia Colony (estab 1607)

• charter colony motivated by gold

• very problematic until proper leadership, innovation, and funding

five problems of Jamestown

1. swamp land

2. people chosen were unfit for wilderness survival

3. bad leadership

4. plan fro food was trading not farming

5. too high of reliance on supply ships (unreliable)

John Smith

lead Jamestown 1607-09

• “dont work, dont eat”

• exagerated relationship with Pocahantes

The Starving Time @ Jamestown

winter of 1609/10, supply ships arrived late or crashed

• settlers ate leather, animals, feces and MAYBE humans

• 500→ 60 settlers

• wanted to leave but forced to stay bc of contract

John Rolfe

lead Jamestown 1610-1615

• planted new strand of tobacco that was less harsh (seeds from spain)

• figured out how to cure (dry) tobacco so it could be transported on ship

significance of tobacco @ jamestown

1. saved colony from collapse by creating first cash crop in New World, gold/wealth attained!
   

2. failure of jamestown wouldve lead to England slowing down or stopping colonization

Bacon’s Rebellion (1675-77)

rebellion led by Nathaniel Bacon against the government b/c gov and William Berkley wouldn’t let him attack Natives as result of an extended conflict between Doeg People and a farmer

significance of bacon’s rebellion

b/c Bacon promised freedom to slaves, Virginia created the first slave codes in 13 colonies (served as base for future slave laws)

Pilgrims (or Separatists)

Massachusetts group that founded proprietary colony to separate from church of england

Puritans or “Non Separatists”

Massachusetts group that sought to reform church of england by removing Catholic influence by building a perfect “City on a Hill”

Plymouth Colony (1620-1691) (Pilgrims)

propriety colony known for writing Mayflower Compact and having the so-called “first” thanksgiving

significance of Mayflower Compact

first expression of self government in the New World

Massachusetts Bay Colony (1630-1776) (Puritans)

large (1k-20k) proprietary colony founded on strict Puritan values that endured Salem Witch Trials, King Phillip’s War with Metacomet/Natives

• significance: earliest identifiable separate “american” identity

Salem Witch Trials (1692-93)

incident of mass hysteria leading to 200 women accused of witchcraft, 19 women and 1 man executed, and only being stopped by governor when his wife was accused

4 Puritan Ideals

1. Education (so everyone can read the bible)

2. Work Ethic (find calling, work hard, thrift and prosper to God’s glory)

3. Individualism ( faith is each person’s own)

4. Separation of Church and State

King Phillip’ s War (1675-78)

• war between 5 native nations led by Metacomet (aka King P.) and colonists

• colonists won but 10% military age men died, settler econ destroyed, ½ all settlements attacked

significance of King Phillip’s War

1. Metacomet’s nations were either killed or sold into slavery; exterminated

2. broke puritan power over colony and led to it becoming a royal colony in 1680

three reasons for switch fro IS to African Chattel Slavery

1. corruption of indent. servitude led to percetion of servants as chattel

2. need for larger pool of cheap labor for tobacco boom

3. racism proved the driving force long term ( white IS to African slaves

Triangle Trade System

trade system not exclusive to slavery where europe→ finished goods→ africa→ slaves→ americas→ cotton/ tobacco

• 11-12m slaves transported 1519-1867

Middle Passage

section of TTS between Africa and the Americas

• brutal, 2m deaths (15% total)

Mercantilism

an economic idea where the state has extreme control of the economy that was instituted through the navigation acts

three principles of mercantalism

1. nation is self-sufficient

2. favorable balance of trade

3. total monopoly w/in own empire

enumerated commodities

products England only allowed to be traded within their empire

• tobacco, sugar, cotton, indigo

• more profitable the product, more rules on sales

Woolen’s Act (1699)

stated all raw materials in colonies would be processed in England

• finish product cost more money, so Eng should get to buy raw

Enforcement and Salutary Neglect (1660s -1760s)

refers to how Eng rules were in place but not enforced in colonies, so an eventual enforcement led to root of rebellion causing American rev

causes of French and Indian War

• land, resources

• colonial westward expansion

• Ohio Country

William Pitt, the elder

unofficial leader in british parliament

• similar to modern prime minister

• influenced Blue Water policy

Blue Water Policy

• British focused on fighting france everywhere except Europe

• brits decided not to worry about expenses until war is over

Treaty of Paris (1763)

ended french and indian war, ended 7 years war

• victory for british colonists b/c france kicked out of North America

ways west was defended after F and I war

• Proclamation of 1763

• Pontiac’s Rebellion

2nd Continental Congress (1775-81)

served as interim/new government after revolutionary war

• wrote new laws

• established gov structure

Articles of Confederacy

pre-constitution document written by 2nd continental congress

• 13 articles

• One Branch of Government

• weak central power with lots of state powers

details of one branch gov (articles of confederacy)

a mix of modern legisl. and exec. branch, the “Confederation Congress”

• unicameral( only had one house of congress)

• each chose how many representatives they sent, but still only had one vote

5 Powers of Confederation Congress

1. regulate and fund the military

2. declare war and negotiate peace

3. negotiate alliances with foreign countries

4. act as final mediator between states if requested

5. regulate post office

3 key powers confederation congress did not have

1. no right to collect/regulate taxes

2. regulate trade or currency (internal or external)

3. deal with internal disturbances ( protests, etc.)

State Power

states could do anything except what confed. congress did

success of the articles

handling of western issue, Land Ordinance of 1785, Land Ordinance of 1787

Land Ordinance of 1785

surveyed, divided, and sold in W Territory

significances of Land Ordinance of 1785

1. survey methods still used today

2. method for division and sale remained for 80 yrs

3. allowed wealthy to profit, allowed average person to buy land, allowed gov. to raise money

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

established process for new territories to become states, said new states were equal to existing ones, banned slavery in NW Territory

significance of NW Ordinance of 1787

statehood process and state equality is still used, US history/Civil War would be very different if NW was slave states

reason Jefferson banned slavery in NW territory

to ensure average people could buy and work on land opposed to slave owners having monopoly