Psy 202 midterm

What is intelligence to Sir Francis Galton?

Sensory abilities

What is intelligence to Edwin Boring?

Intelligence is whatever intelligence tests measure

What is intelligence to Alfred Binet?

Higher mental processes

What is general intelligence?

Measure the overall intelligence

What is Specific intelligence?

Measure our special skills and it is unique to each test

What are the 6 components of General intelligence?

1. Visual-spatial processing
2. Quantitative reasoning
3. Knowledge
4. Fluid reasoning
5. Working memory

What is Visual-spatial processing?

helps with puzzles and visual problems

Quantitative reasoning

help with real world problems

Fluid reason

is thinking abstractly, flexibly and fast; use reason to solve/apply rules

Working memory

uses short term memory to attain information for a short period of time to solve

Crystallized *intelligence*

is knowledge you have about the world over time to solve

Fluid intelligence

is knowledge that you gain from learning new things

How does fluid intelligence play along with crystallized *intelligence?*

If we repeat fluid intelligence overtime, it will become crystallized overtime

What is linguistic intelligence?

Speak and write

What is logico-mathematical intelligence?

Use logic and mathematical skills to solve problems

What is spatial intelligence?

Think and reason about objects in three dimensional space

What is musical intelligence?

Perform, understand, and enjoy music

What is bodily-kinesthetics intelligence?

Manipulate the body in sports, dace, or other physical activities

What is interpersonal intelligence?

Understand and interact effectively with others

What is intrapersonal intelligence?

Understand and posses insight into self

What is naturalistic intelligence?

Recognize, identity, and understand animals, plants, and other living things

What is the triarchic model of intelligence?

Analytical, creative, and practical intelligence

Gardner vs. Sternberg

Gardner has 8 intelligence scale and Sternberg is the triarchic model

What is analytical intelligence?

Academic problem solving

What is creative intelligence?

Imaginative and innovative problem solving

What is practical intelligence?

Street smarts and common sense

What is Alfred Binet approach to IQ testing?

Uses mental age to measure IQ; IQ = mental age/ chronological age x 100

What is a problem with Binet IQ testing?

Mental age stays the same at a certain age

What was David Wechlser’s approach to IQ testing?

He uses a scale where everyone at any age has an average score of 100, then adds or subtracts 15 points for every subject testing (like overall IQ, verbal comprehension, etc.)

What is IQ testing today?

Wechsler adult intelligence scale (WAIS)

What is a weakness of WAIS?

Some culture or race are not able to answer some testing because they do not have the experience

What is a culture-fair IQ testing and why?

Raven’s Progressive Matrices; abstract-reasoning items that don’t depend on language

What is the average IQ score?

100

What IQ score is intellectual disability?

What IQ score is gifted?

>130

What is the Flynn effect?

If the person took an IQ test long ago, their IQ test today would be higher than before, due to environmental changes

What environmental influence could change intelligence?

1. Children from larger families
2. Amount of schooling
3. Early intervention programs
4. Poverty

What can females do better than males?

Verbal task and recognizing emotions of other

What can male do better than female?

Spatial reasoning

Who has more variable in IQ score?

Male

What factor explains why IQ difference in race?

Environmental factors

When is the germinal stage?

start - 2 weeks

When is the embryonic stage?

3-8 weeks

When is the fetal stage?

9 weeks - birth

What happens in the germinal period?

Zygote gets implanted

What happens in the embryonic period?

heart starts beating, brain start developing, and body part appears

What happens in the fetal period?

rapid growth of body and brain

When is the most vulnerable stage of prenatal?

embryonic period

What influences prenatal?

1. Maternal factors like health, nutrition, age, etc.
2. Teratogens: environmental hazards like drugs, radiation, etc.

When is the central nervous system vulnerable in prenatal stages?

3-12 weeks

When is the heart vulnerable in prenatal stages?

3-6 weeks

When is the ears vulnerable in prenatal stages?

4-12 weeks

When is the eyes vulnerable in prenatal stages?

4-8 weeks

When is the legs vulnerable in prenatal stages?

4-7 weeks

When is the arms vulnerable in prenatal stages?

4-7 weeks

When is the teeth vulnerable in prenatal stages?

6-8 weeks

When is the palate vulnerable in prenatal stages?

6-12 weeks

When is the external genitalia vulnerable in prenatal stages?

7-12 weeks

What could happen if prenatal stages are affected by alcohol consumption?

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

When does the brain reach adult size?

Reaches 75% of adult size by 2 years

What dies with age?

Neurons

What is dementia?

an umbrella from brain disease

What is alzheimer disease?

The cortex and hippocampus is damaged, which affects thinking, planning, and remembering

What was Piaget’s theory of development?

Constructivist: children construct knowledge by themselves

What are the 3 Piaget’s theory processes?

Assimilation, accommodation, equilibration

What is assimilation? and an example

translate new information into a form you

already have/understand

ex,. a kid sees a plane and call it birdie

What is equilibrium? and an example

balance assimilation and accommodation to create stable understanding

ex., a kid is familiar with birds so they think all flying thing is a bird

What is accommodation? and an example

When new information does not fit, you need to restructure your “theories”

ex., the kid concludes that planes are not birdies, creates new category for them

Examples of sensorimotor stage

1. The monkey being in sight then is blocked by a wall and the baby cannot process that it is behind the wall
2. A-not-B Error; the baby believes the item is always in A even if it’s been changed to B
3. Deferred imitation; the baby imitates a move that is shown later on

Examples of preoperational stage

1. Use of scale models; using a smaller model to locate the object then searching for the object in the bigger room
2. Egocentrism; the kid thinking his perspective on his side of the mountain view is the same for everyone else
3. Centration; a kid trying to balance at scale and only focusing on the uneven distribution instead of the location of placement
4. Conservation; a kid believes the food on the smaller plate has more food than the big plate

\

What is concrete operational stage?

The kid is starting to understand most concept like conservation

What is Vygotsky view of development?

1. Children are social being, therefore people teach them to help them learn
2. Culture shape their thinking

Example of social referencing

baby sees mom happy so they cross; baby sees mom fearful baby won’t cross

What is the percentage of easy temperament profile?

40%

What is the percentage of difficult temperament profile?

10%

What is the percentage of slow to warm up temperament profile?

15%

What is goodness of fit?

the compatibility of the child’s temperament to an enviroment

ex., for an active child, enroll them in sports, for an inactive child enroll them in inactive activity like chess

What is Bowlby’s attachment theory?

Phases of attachment formation:


1. Asocial phase
2. Indiscriminate attachments
3. Specific attachment
4. Multiple attachments

What is the asocial phase?

crying to get needs

What is the indiscriminate attachment?

showing preferences to familiar people by emotions

What is specific attachment?

showing regular caretakers attachment issues when they are not around

What is multiple attachment?

towards other caretakers

What is a secure attachment style?

explores while mother is present, not distress around strangers, upset when mother leaves, happy when mother is back

What is a insecure-avoidant attachment style?

explores without mother, not upset when mother leave and not happy when she returns

What is a **Insecure-Anxious/Resistant** attachment style?

Clings to mother, doesn’t explore, distress around strangers, when mother they return but rejects the contract

What is a **disorganized** attachment style?

A combination of avoidant and resistant traits, usually in high risk families

What is internal working models?

building sense of emoting though relationship with others

Example of delay of gratification

kid waiting to get double the amount of marshmallow

Does delay of gratification lead to success later in life?

Yes

How can culture affect delay of gratification?

Culture changes the raising of the child which changes their self-control development

What is pre-conventional reasoning?

Moral judgment in terms of reward and punishment

What is conventional reasoning?

Moral judgment in terms of social order, rules, and approval

What is post-conventional reasoning?

Doing what’s right based on your belief

What happens if the limbic system is damged?

damage to the amygdala may result in psychic blindness; not being able to detect other’s emotion

What is the left and right of the frontal lobe?

Left is the positive emotions and right is negative emotions

Example of James-Lange theory

You see a bear, you run, then you fear

Example of Cannon-Bard theory

You see a bear then you run and fear at the same time

Example of **Two-Factor theory**

a bear approaching → running away → assesses the emotion → fear

What are non-verbal expression?

body language, posture, gestures

How does polygraph test work?

measures arousal