Music History Midterm

organum

Medieval polyphony that consists of Gregorian chant and one or more additional melodic lines

pavane

slow duple meter; stately, gliding steps

prelude, fantasia, and toccata

introductory and improvisatory pieces for keyboard or lute

chorale

single melody sung in unison without accompaniment on rhymed and strophic lyrics of devotional topic

italian madrigals

Prominent composers originally from France and Lowlands, Petrarchan movement

english madrigals

Simpler texts, lighter in style, refrain syllables: "fa la la", music designed for amateurs

greek tragedy

what was the basis of the Florentine Camerata?

tajweed

tradition of reciting Quran that specifies the pronunciation and musical features

Jewish cantillation

chant of Hebrew Scripture

gregorian chant

church music sung as a single vocal line in free rhythm and a restricted scale (plainsong), in a style developed for the medieval Latin liturgy.

functional dance music

music that accompanies dancers

stylized dance music

music for solo lute or keyboard, intended for enjoyment of players or listeners

galliard

lively triple; athletic hops, kicks, and leaps

allemande

"German dance" in moderate duple; simple steps, begins with upbeat

couple's dances

what are the pavane, the galliard, and the allemande all examples of

ronde

circle or line dance, originated in the country but made its way to courts and nobility

opera

an art form that tells a story through music and singing. Singers do not use microphones to amplify their voices, and the music, played by the orchestra, is completely live.

opera

plays, theatrical spectacles, dance, madrigals, solo song are influences of what?

masque

a form of courtly entertainment that includes music, dancing, singing, and acting

franco-flemish chanson

imitation primary texture, sudden changes of pace, more serious tone and subject matter

french chanson

homophony primary texture, simple language, direct expression, brevity, spontaneous rhyme schemes and forms, "long short short"

villancico

genre of Spanish song, most prevalent in the Renaissance but found also in earlier and later periods. It is a poetic and musical form and was sung with or without accompanying instruments

motet

Sacred vocal work, Latin text, used in Mass, other religious services

polyphony

what emerged from the Notre Dame School in the 1100s?

madrigal

a secular vocal genre of music that was very popular during the Renaissance Era. The lyrics were based on poetry, and they were usually performed a cappella and in polyphonic texture

lutheran

which church sought to restore participatory singing among congregation? they also used chorale

polyphonic mass cycle

Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus/ Benedictus, Agnus Dei

conjunct

smaller intervals in between notes

disjunct

larger intervals in between notes

nonmetric

without the constraints of a metronome

ostinato

short repeated musical pattern

mexica empire

Musicians had high social status and trained at schools, music accompanied rituals; celebrated music, mourned death, accompanied soldiers into battle

nahuatl

dominant language of the mexica empire

Teponaztli

split log drum played with rubber mallet used in the mexica empire

cabildos

social organizations set up by slaves in Cuba where they could practice music and religion of their heritage on holidays

libretto

text of script of the opera

sinfonias

interludes between scenes of opera

consort

Ensembles of 3-7 instruments

alta capella

Played for dances, celebrations, 2 shawms, and sackbut or slide trumpet

tablature

a form of musical notation indicating fingering rather than the pitch of notes, written on lines corresponding to, for example, the strings of a guitar or the holes on a flute

colonialism

European expansion beyond Mediterranean and northern Atlantic

feudalism

Works like a triangle- king on the top, then nobles, then knights, then peasants

vernacular

language of the people

neumes

signify where to go up and down in melody, medieval era

ars nova

innovations in rhythmic notation, especially in France

mensuration signs

indicate divisions of time, ancestor of modern day time signatures

rhythmic mode

fixed rhythmic pattern on which polyphonic voices sing

tenor

voice that holds the long chant notes

humanism

study of the nature and importance of humanity and human knowledge; faith in human reason and free will

scholasticism

emphasis on logic and reliance on authority in conjunction with Catholic theology

the epitaph of seikilos

the oldest surviving example of musical composition written on a tombstone

monophony

Single voice (sung or instrumental), one line of music without accompaniment, one focus, single line of melody

polyphony

Two or more melodic lines combined, based on counterpoint; one line set against another, requires more experienced listening

heterophony

Melody combined with ornamented version of itself, several musicians sing/play same musical line, each varies some element (ie pitch or rhythm), subtle, nuanced variations

homophony

Melody (primary focus) with harmonies, chords support, enhance principle line

mestizaje

term used to describe racial mixing of European, African, and Indigenous ancestry in Latin America

syncretism

melding of conflicting belief systems (ie Christianity and Indigenous religions) emerging in new cultural practices

neophytes

indigenous converts to Christianity who learned European singing, solfege, and instrumental music, and were tasked with spreading Christianity to other indigenous people

ground bass

a musical technique in which a bass line, or the lowest line of music, is repeated throughout a composition

shawm

a medieval wind instrument, forerunner of the oboe, with a double reed enclosed in a wooden mouthpiece, and having a penetrating tone, adapted from the middle east

cornett

a brass instrument resembling a trumpet but shorter and wider, played chiefly in bands

sackbut

an early form of trombone used in Renaissance music

crumhorn

a double reed instrument of the woodwind family, most commonly used during the Renaissance period, similar to a recorder

tabor

a portable snare drum that is usually played with one hand or two drumsticks. It has two skins, a shallow cylindrical body, and a single snare. This instrument was developed in Europe during the Medieval Period

nakers

small kettledrum that reached Europe from the Middle East in the 13th century, during the Crusades

vihuela

a Spanish string instrument that originated in the Medieval Era. It's shaped like a guitar, but tuned like a lute. It has a flat back and uses gut strings

viol

a stringed instrument with six strings, frets, and a hollow wooden body, from the Renaissance

portative organ

small organ played with right hand, movable, from the Medieval Era

positive organ

portative organ evolved into this

clavichord

a small, rectangular keyboard instrument producing a soft sound by means of metal blades attached to the ends of key levers that gently press the strings, from the Medieval Era

harpsichord

This instrument was an important keyboard in European music from the 16th through the first half of the 18th century. It was the most common keyboard instrument from the Renaissance era into the Classical period

aulos

two-piped reed instrument, associated with Dionysus

lyre

7 strings strummed with a plectrum, associated with Apollo

triple impression

music notation method where ink pressed onto paper 3 times, movable notes

single impression

musical notation method where ink in pressed onto paper one time, a simplified version of triple impression

rebec

a violin adapted from the Middle East

troubadours and trouveres

French poet-musicians, flourished at various aristocratic courts or Europe

Adhan

Islamic call to prayer recited by the Muezzin

muezzin

recites the Adhan 5 times a day from atop a mosque tower

Te'amim

notation for melodic formulas in Jewish cantillation, developed in the 9th century, they tell you if the notes go up or down

hazzan

leads the Jewish cantillation chant, aka cantor

cantus-firmus mass

each movement based on the same cantus firmus in tenor (often from a chanson)

cantus firmus

melody taken from another piece of music and used as a basis for a new composition

imitation mass

borrows material from all voices of a polyphonic work to be put in all voices of polyphonic mass

indulgences

paying a church to resolve sins

contrafactum

secular songs given new words

madrigalisms

word-painting

affections

rationalized emotions, from Aristole's Metaphysics

first practice

term used to describe the "old style" of late Renaissance vocal counterpoint with its carefully-controlled use of dissonance

second practice

allows for these rules of counterpoint and melody to be broken if the drama, emotion or (more frequently) the text demanded it

basso continuo

figured bass numbers written about bass line, keyboardist or lute player expected to fill in harmonies

ornamentation

improv that added to what was in the score in early Baroque music

monody

single melody stands out

exoticism

depicting foreign-sounding musical cultures from outside

muses

Music inventors and practitioners were gods and demigods

Pope Gregory the Great

invented Gregorian chant, it was sent to him by god via a dove, included neumes

Leonin

first composer of polyphonic music whose name we know

Hildegard of Bingen

First known composer of the Western canon, renowned poet, composer, artist, botnet, and had religious visions, wrote the poetry in the text for numerous chants, their music includes leap that might resamble one's ascension to heaven

pythagoras

contributed to invention of music theory

Josquin Deprez

wrote both sacred and secular music, and in all of the significant vocal forms of the age, including masses, motets, chansons and frottole, was the highest paid composer of his time