unit 4; chemistry

Covalent bond

A type of chemical bond where two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons to be stable in their outer electron shells.

Polar covalent bond

A bond formed when two atoms have different electronegativities, causing an unequal sharing of electrons.

Nonpolar covalent bond

A bond formed when two atoms have similar electronegativities, leading to an equal sharing of electrons.

VESPR theory

A theory used to predict the shape of molecules based on the repulsion between electron pairs around a central atom.

Electron domain

The space occupied by electrons, which could be bonding pairs, lone pairs, or multiple bonded pairs.

Molecule

Two or more atoms covalently bonded together.

Diatomic elements

Molecules composed of only two atoms, of the same or different chemical elements.

Intermolecular Forces

Forces of attraction or repulsion between molecules, affecting their physical properties.

Hydrogen bonding

A strong intermolecular force that occurs when a hydrogen atom bonded to a highly electronegative atom is attracted to an unshared pair of electrons of an electronegative atom in a nearby molecule.

Viscosity

A fluid's resistance to movement.

Boiling point

The amount of kinetic energy needed to overcome the force of attraction between liquid particles.

Dipole

Formed in a molecule when equal and opposite charges are separated by a short distance.

London dispersion forces

An intermolecular attraction resulting from an instantaneous and temporary dipole created from the constant motion of electrons.

Polar molecules

Molecules that have partial charges in different locations within the overall structure.

Nonpolar molecules

Molecules that possess no partial charges because the electrons are equally shared.