Ch. 1: The Study of the Human Body

Inspection

looking at the body

Palpation

Feeling a body structure with hands

Auscultation

listening to natural body sounds

Percussion

listening to body sounds after tapping on body

Dissection

Cutting and separating tissues for examination

Radiography (X-rays)

produces images on internal body structures. Excellent for discovering breaks and fractures. Organs appear as blurs

Computed Tomography Scanning (CT)

use of X-rays and computers to produce 3D images of body structures, used to detect kidney stones and tumors

Xenon CT

brain scan enhanced with xenon gas allowing for tracing blood flow and is used to identify strokes

Dynamic Spatial Reconstruction (DSR)

specialized X-ray machine that produces 3D moving images of internal structures used to examine the heart, blood vessels, and lungs

Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)

an instrument used to examine blood vessels before and after a dye has been injected into the bloodstream used to detect blocked blood vessels

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

use of radioactive particles to produce images of internal organs. Can provide some indication of organ function and structure

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

use of radiowaves and magnets to produce 3D images of internal structure, not used on pregnant or those with pace makers

Systems of protection, support, and movement

integumentary, skeletal, and musclar

Systems of internal communication and integration

Nervous and endocrine

Systems of fluid transport

Circulatory and lymphatic

Systems of intake and output

digestive, respiratory, and urinary

Principle organs in integumentary

skin, hair, nails, cutaneous glands

Principle organs in skeletal

bones, cartilages, ligaments

Principle organs in muscular

skeletal muscles

Principle organs in lymphatic

lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsils

Principle organs in respiratory

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Principle organs in urinary

kidneys, ureters, bladder, uretha

Principle organs in nervous

brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia

Principle organs in endocrine

pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, ovaries

Principle organs in circulatory

heart, blood vessels

Principle organs in digestive

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancrease

Abdominal

portion of trunk below the diaphragm and above pelvis

Axillary

armpit area

Brachial

proximal portion of upper arm

Calcaneal

heel

Carpal

wrist

Cephalic

head

Cervical

neck region

Costal

around the ribs

cranial

skull

cutaneous

skin

frontal

forehead

gluteal

butt

inguinal

groin

lumbar

lower back

mammary

breast

opthalmic

eyes

oral

mouth

otic

ears

palmar

palms

pectoral

chest

plantar

sole of foot

popliteal

back of knee

sternal

midline of thorax

tarsal

instep of foot

umbilical

navel

vertebral

backbone

Dorsal cavity

located near back of body contains the cranial and vertebral cavities

Cranial cavity

formed by cranial bones and contains the brain

Vertebral cavity

formed by vertebrae and houses the spinal cord

Meninges

three-layered covering in dorsal cavities, outer layer attaches to wall of cavity and the two inner layers attach to the brain and spinal cord

Ventral Cavity

Located near the front of the body, organs found here are called viscera.

Thoracic Cavity

superior portion, has pleural cavities (1 for each lung), pericardial (heart), and mediastinum (all other open space)

Abdominopelvic cavity

everything below the diaphragm

Abdominal cavity

contains stomach, liver, small and large intestines

Pelvic cavity

contains urinary bladder, rectum, and reproductive structures.

anterior/ventral

toward front of body

posterior/dorsal

back of body

superior

above

inferior

below

cephalic

toward head or superior end

rostral

toward forehead or nose

caudal

toward tail or inferior end

medial

toward midline

lateral

away from midline

proximal

closer to point of attachment/origin

distal

farther from point of attachment/origin

ipsilateral

on the same side of body

contralateral

on different sides of body

superficial

close to surface

deep

farther from surface