SAD: Module 1

Systems Development

Is a systematic process that includes phases such as planning, analysis, design, deployment, and maintenance.

System Analysis

It is a process of collecting and interpreting facts, identifying the problems, and decomposition of a system into its components.

Studying a System

System analysis is conducted for the purpose of what or its parts in order to identify its objectives.

Problem-solving

System analysis is a what technique that improves the system and ensures that all the components of the system work efficiently to accomplish its purpose.

Analysis

Specifies what the system should do.

Systems Design

It is a process of planning a new business system or replacing an existing system by defining its components or modules to satisfy the specific requirements. Focuses on how to accomplish the objective of the system.

Systems, Processes, Technology

System Analysis and Design (SAD) mainly focuses on:

System

Which means an organized relationship between any set of components to achieve some common cause or objective.

System

An orderly grouping of interdependent components linked together according to a plan to achieve a specific goal.

Systema

The word System is derived from the Greek word what,

Structure and Behavior

A system must have some this and this which is designed to achieve a predefined objective.

Interconnectivity and Interdependence

This and this must exist among the system components.

Objectives of the Organization

This have a higher priority than the objectives of its subsystems.

Organization

Implies structure and order. It is the arrangement of components that helps to achieve predetermined objectives.

Interaction

It is defined by the manner in which the components operate with each other.

Interdependence

Means how the components of a system depend on one another

Integration

Is concerned with how system components are connected together. It means that the parts of the system work together within the system even if each part performs a unique function.

Central Objective

The objective of the system must be central. It may be real or stated. It is not uncommon for an organization to state an objective and operate to achieve another.

Inputs

Are the information that enters into the system for processing.

Output

Is the outcome of processing.

Processor

Is the element of a system that involves the actual transformation of input into an output.

Processors

It is the operational component of a system. These may modify the input either totally or partially, depending on the output specification.

Control

This element guides the system. It is the decision–making subsystem that controls the pattern of activities governing input, processing, and output.

Environment

Is the “supersystem” within which an organization operates. It is the source of external elements that strike on the system. It determines how a system must function.

Boundaries

A system should be defined by this. These are the limits that identify its components, processes, and interrelationship when it interfaces with another system. Each system has this that determine its sphere of influence and control.

Physical Systems

Are tangible entities. We can touch and feel them. May be static or dynamic in nature.

Programmed Computer

Is a dynamic system in which programs, data, and applications can change according to the user's needs.

Abstract Systems

Are non-physical entities or conceptual that may be formulas, representation, or model of a real system.

Open System

Must interact with its environment. It receives inputs from and delivers outputs to the outside of the system.

Closed System

Does not interact with its environment. It is isolated from environmental influences. This is rare in reality.

Adaptive System

Responds to the change in the environment in a way to improve their performance and to survive.

Non-adaptive System

Is a system that does not respond to the environment.

Permanent System

Is a system persists for a long time.

Temporary System

Is made for a specified time and after that, they are demolished.

Nature Systems

These systems are created by nature.

Manufactured System

Is a man-made system.

Deterministic System

This system operates in a predictable manner and the interaction between system components is known with certainty.

Probabilistic System

This system shows uncertain behavior. The exact output is not known.

This system where both humans and machines are involved to perform a particular task.

Machine System

Is a system where human interference is neglected. All the tasks are performed by the machine.

Man-Made Information Systems

It is an interconnected set of information resources to manage data for a particular organization, under Direct Management Control (DMC).

Man-Made Information Systems

This system includes hardware, software, communication, data, and application for producing information according to the need of an organization.

Formal Information System

It is based on the flow of information in the form of memos, instructions, etc., from top-level to lower levels of management.

Informal Information System

This is an employee-based system that solves the day to day work-related problems.

Computer-Based System

This system is directly dependent on the computer for managing business applications.

Schematic Models

Is a 2-D chart that shows system elements and their linkages. Different arrows are used to show information flow, material flow, and information feedback.

Flow System Model

Shows the orderly flow of the material, energy, and information that hold the system together.

Program Evalution and Review Technique (PERT)

Is used to abstract a real-world system in model form.

Static System Models

They represent one pair of relationships such as activity–time or cost–quantity.

Dynamic System Models

Business organizations are this type of systems. This model approximates the type of organization or application that analysts deal with.

Strategic Information

This information is required by topmost management for long-range planning policies for the next few years. This type of information is achieved with the aid of the Decision Support System (DSS).

Managerial Information

This type of information is required by middle management for short and intermediate-range planning which is in terms of months. It is achieved with the aid of Management Information Systems (MIS).

Operational Information

This type of information is required by low management for daily and short term planning to enforce day-to-day operational activities. It is achieved with the aid of Data Processing Systems (DPS).