Unit 7 AMSCO

William Seward

Secretary of State who was responsible for purchasing Alaskan Territory from Russia. By purchasing Alaska, he expanded the territory of the country at a reasonable price.

Monroe Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

Alaska Purchase

1867
Secretary of State William Seward bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2 Million ("Seward's Folly")

Pan-American conference

1889,
this was an international organization that dealt with trade; organized by james blaine; created to encourage cooperation and trust with the manufacturers

James Blaine

Blaine hoped to reduce tariff rates (didn't happen) but goal of cooperation between the Pan-American Union happened + still exists today
Secretary of State; argued that the US should rally Latin American nations behind itself; presided over the Pan-American Conference.

Venezuela boundary dispute

Dispute between Great Britain and Venezuela over the boundary between Venezuela and British Guiana; British had ignored American demands to arbitrate the matter with Sec. of State Olney saying that Britain was violating the Monroe Doctrine; president Cleveland supported Venezuela and decided to determine the boundary line and if Britain resisted this, the U.S. could declare war to enforce it; Britain eventually agreed to arbitration

Cleveland and Olney

Pres and sec of state insist that Great Britain agree to arbitrate the dispute. Did not want to but U.S. Invoked Monroe doctrine and threaten military force. Marked beginning of friendly relations w Britain

Hawaii

America attained Hawaii by forcing the Hawaiian King to sign a constitution and reduced his power. The Queen Liliuokalani gave up her country because she didn't want to go to war with America. Hawaii became the 50th State

Pearl Harbor

7:50-10:00 AM, December 7, 1941 - Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii destroyed 18 U.S. ships and 200 aircraft. American losses were 3000, Japanese losses less than 100. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World War II.

Queen Liliuokalani

the Hawaiian queen who was forced out of power by a revolution started by American business interests
Queen of Hawaii who gave the U.S. naval rights to Pearl Harbor in 1887. Deposed by American settlers in 1893.
Queen of Hawaii who tried to re-write her constitution to take power away from American planters. She was deposed by Sanford Dole.

Cleveland blocks annexation

_ of Hawaii because he opposed imperialism, but then the outbreak of war in the Philippines gave Congress and President McKinley the pretext to complete annexation in 1900.

International Darwinism

Darwin's concept of the survival of the fittest applied to competition among nations. In the international arena, the US had to demonstrate its strength by acquiring territories overseas.

business and imperialist competitors

Some in the United States believed that the nation needed to compete with the imperialistic nations for new territory or it would be reduced to a second class power.

spreading religion and science

Two factors that pushed european nations across the atlantic ocean were .
Proselytisation

Josiah Strong

A Congregationalist minister who added the sanction of religion to theories of racial and national superiority with his book Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis (1885).

expansionist politicians

endorsed use of foreign affairs to search for new markets + were eager to build US power through expansion (Henry Cabot Lodge + Teddy Roosevelt)
Republican politicians generally endorsed the use of foreign affairs to search for new markets. Congressional leaders such as Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts and the Republican governor of New York, Theodore Roosevelt, were eager to build US power through global expansion.

steel and steam navy

As argued by Alfred Thayer Mahan, a _ was crucial to a country's ambitions of securing foreign markets and becoming a world power. US naval strategists persuaded Congress to finance the construction of such ships. By 1900, the US had the third largest navy in the world.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Navy officer whose ideas on naval warfare and the importance of sea-power changed how America viewed its navy; wrote "The influence of Sea Power upon History"

nationalist media

Newspaper and magazine editors found that they could increase circulation by printing adventure stories about distant and exotic places. This increased public interest and stimulated demands for a larger US role in world affairs.

Cuban revolt

People tried to revolt against Spanish presence + gain US as an ally, Spanish led by General Valeriano Weyler - concentration camps "Butler Weyler" and other brutalities spread by American press generated US support

Valeriano Weyler

"Butcher Weyler" Spanish governor in charge of suppressing the Cuban revolution, 1896-1898; his brutal "reconcentration" tactics earned him the nickname of the "Butcher" in America's yellow press.

jingoism

Excessive, loud patriotism and aggressive, warlike foreign policy

yellow journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers

De Lome Letter

Written by the Spanish minister in Washington, Dupuy de Lôme, it was stolen from the mail and delivered to Hearst. He had called McKinley weak and bitter. It was played up by the yellow journalists.

sinking of the Maine

McKinley sent the USS Maine to protect American interests in Cuba but it was sunk. Yellow journalists blame it on Spain to rouse support for intervention.

Teller Amendment

As Americans were preparing for war with Spain over Cuba in 1898, this Senate measure stated that under no circumstances would the United States annex Cuba. The amendment was passed as many in the muckraking press were suggesting that the Cuban people would be better off "under the protection" of the U.S

U.S. involvement in the Philippines

The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii caused what?

George Dewey

A United States naval officer remembered for his victory at Manila Bay in the Spanish-American War, U.S. naval commander who led the American attack on the Philippines

invasion of Cuba

ill-prepared volunteer squad landed in Cuba, 5000 American soldiers died of malaria, typhoid, dysentary, attacks by forces succeeded in defeating the poorly led Spanish army

Rough Riders

The First United States Volunteer Calvary, a mixure of Ivy League athletes and western frontiermen, volunteered to fight in the Spanish-American War. Enlisted by Theodore Roosevelt, they won many battles in Florida and enlisted in the invasion army of Cuba.

Theodore Roosevelt

1858-1919. 26th President. Increased size of Navy, "Great White Fleet". Added Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine. "Big Stick" policy. Received Nobel Peace Prize for mediation of end of Russo-Japanese war. Later arbitrated split of Morocco between Germany and France.

Treaty of Paris

puerto rico, guam, the philippines

Signed by the United States and Spain in December 1898, this treaty ended the Spanish-American War. Under its terms, Spain recognized Cuba's independence and assumed the Cuban debt; it also ceded Puerto Rico and Guam to the United States. At the insistence of the U.S. representatives, Spain also ceded the Phillipines. The Senate ratified the treaty on February 6, 1899.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901.

Anti-Imperialist League

objected to the annexation of the Philippines and the building of an American empire. Idealism, self-interest, racism, constitutionalism, and other reasons motivated them, but they failed to make their case; the Philippines were annexed in 1900

Insular cases

Platt Amendment

1901
forced into Cuban Constitution. Cuba could not make treaties with other nations; US had right to intervene in Cuba; US naval bases on Cuban land

Election of 1900

In this election William McKinley was renominated for the Republicans after guiding them through the successful Spanish-American War. His platform endorsed prosperity, the gold standard, and overseas expansion. He also had the backing of Mark Hanna again who was now a senator. His vice president would be Teddy Roosevelt who was capitalizing on is war fame was was governor of New York. William Jennings Bryan was the choice of the Democrats. Bryan still believed the silver issue to be important but still agreed the paramount issue was the overseas imperialism. Bryan went on another cyclonic campaign ripping on both imperialism and Republican fostered trusts. Roosevelt carried the load for the Republicans. He toured the country with his revolver shooting cowboys and gained wide support in the West. He denounced anyone who tired to haul down Old Glory. "Bryanites" thought the Philippines was like bringing back slavery while the Republicans said Bryan's ideas would get rid of the "full dinner pail". McKinley ended up on top in the election. The only constants people believed McKinley held were prosperity and protection.

John Hay

Was the Secretary of State in 1899; dispatched the Open Door Notes to keep the countries that had spheres of influence in China from taking over China and closing the doors on trade between China and the U.S.

Open Door policy

Statement of U.S. foreign policy toward China. Issued by U.S. secretary of state John Hay (1899), the statement reaffirmed the principle that all countries should have equal access to any Chinese port open to trade.

Boxer Rebellion

Rebellion in China against foreigners that occurred soon after the "Open Door" notes. Caused by foreign (American and European) "spheres of influence" within the Chinese empire. Led to no formal division of China and the world powers accepted compensation from the Chinese for damages instead.

Second Hay Note

In 1900, the _ appeared to the imperialistic powers stating the US commitment to 1) preserve China's territorial integrity as well as 2) safeguard trade with all parts of the Chinese empire. These set US policy on China for future presidents.

big-stick policy

Roosevelt's philosophy - In international affairs, ask first but bring along a big army to help convince them. Threaten to use force, act as international policemen

Panama revolt

Supported by TR; was controlled by Colombia but they refused to agree to Us terms to build canal; TR orchestrated in 1903; succeeded immediately w support of U.S. navy

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty

1903
(1903) treaty that granted the US land to build the Panama canal in exchange for $10 million and annual payments to Panama. Occured shortly after Panama's independance.

Panama Canal

(TR) , The United States built the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. It cost $400,000,000 to build. Columbians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred. The new ruling people allowed the United States to build the canal.

George Goethals

United States army officer and engineer who supervised the construction of the Panama Canal

William Gorgas

Army physician who helped eradicate Yellow Fever and malaria from Panama to work on Panama canal could proceed

Roosevelt Corollary

(TR) , Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force, first put into effect in Dominican Republic

Santo Domingo

La República Dominicana

Russo-Japanese War

(1904-1905) War between Russia and Japan over imperial possessions. Japan emerges victorious.

Treaty of Portsmouth

1905
(1905) ended the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). It was signed in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, after negotiations brokered by Theodore Roosevelt (for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize). Japan had dominated the war and received an indemnity, the Liaodong Peninsula in Manchuria, and half of Sakhalin Island, but the treaty was widely condemned in Japan because the public had expected more.

gentlemen's agreement

Agreement when Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the US and in exchange Roosevelt agreed to allow the wives of the Japenese men already living in the US to join them

Great White Fleet

1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement."

Algeciras Conference

1906
International conference called to deal with the Moroccan question. French get Morocco, Germany gets nothing, isolated. Result is U.S, Britain, France, Russia see Germany as a threat.

Hague Conference

1907
(TR) , 1899 (first under McKinley) conference at which the Great Powers discussed arms reduction, demonstrated internationalism
it occurred in May of 1899 with the summons called by Czar Nicholas II of Russia and Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands. It was attended by 26 nations. The conference had the aim of charting a course toward disarmament and placing limitations on the means of conducting warfare. Unfortunately, varying aims of the participating nations made agreement impossible. One positive achievement emerged from the gathering: provisions were made for the establishment of the Permanent Court of Arbitration, a body that would render binding decisions on international disputes between cooperating nations.

Root-Takahira Agreement

1908
1908 - Japan / U.S. agreement in which both nations agreed to respect each other's territories in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door policy in China.

William Howard Taft

(1908-1912), was endorsed by Roosevelt because he pledged to carry on progressive program, then he didn't appoint any Progressives to the Cabinet, actively pursued anti-trust law suits, appoints Richard Ballinger as Secretary of the Interior, Ballinger opposed conservation and favored business interests, Taft fires Gifford Pinchot (head of U.S. forestry), ran for re-election in 1912 but lost to Wilson

role of American money

railroads in China

Taft succeeded in securing American participation in agreement in 1911 to buy railroads in China with Germany and France, US was excluded from buying railroads in Manchuria because of joint agreement between Russia and Japan, direct defiance of Open Door Policy

Manchurian problem

(example of dollar diplomacy) In the northern province of Manchuria, the US was excluded from an agreement between Russia and Japan to build railroads there. In direct defiance of the US Open Door policy, Russia and Japan agreed to treat Manchuria as a jointly held sphere of influence.

intervention in Nicaragua

1909: U.S. gave political support to the conservative-led forces that were rebelling against President Zelaya. The U.S. had differences with Zelaya regarding the proposed Canal and Zelaya's attempts to regulate foreign access to Nicaraguan natural resources. U.S. warships were sent after 500 revolutionaries, two of which were American, were killed by Zelaya. The U.S. intervened and justified it by saying that they had to protect American lives and property. Zelaya resigned and the U.S. controlled Nicaragua from 1912 to 1933.

Henry Cabot Lodge

Henry Cabot Lodge was a Republican who disagreed with the Versailles Treaty, and who was the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He mostly disagreed with the section that called for the League to protect a member who was being threatened.

Lodge Corollary

A corollary to the Monroe Doctrine proposed by Henry Cabot Lodge & ratified by the US Senate in 1912 forbidding any foreign power or foreign interest of any kind to acquire sufficient territory in the Western Hemisphere so as to put that government in "practical power of control".

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

anti-imperialism

belief that the U.S. should not expand its territory overseas and that the U.S. should just be a normal country and leave the other countries alone

William Jennings Bryan

This Democratic candidate ran for president most famously in 1896 (and again in 1900). His goal of "free silver" (unlimited coinage of silver) won him the support of the Populist Party. Though a gifted orator, he lost the election to Republican William McKinley. He ran again for president and lost in 1900. Later he opposed America's imperialist actions, and in the 1920s, he made his mark as a leader of the fundamentalist cause and prosecuting attorney in the Scopes Monkey Trial.

Jones Act

1916
1916 - Promised Philippine independence. Given freedom in 1917, their economy grew as a satellite of the U.S. Filipino independence was not realized for 30 years.

Puerto Rico citizenship

Wilson gave US citizenship to all Puerto Rican inhabitants + limited self-govt.

Conciliation treaties

Sec Bryan negotiated treaties w/29 nations where they agreed to submit disputes to int'l commissions for conciliation, not arbitration. Included provisions for cooling-offperiod, usually once a year, before nations resort to war. Treaties: no practical effect but illustrated idealism

military intervention

The deliberate act of a nation or a group of nations to introduce its military forces into the course of an existing controversy.

Mexican civil war

Wanting democracy to triumph there, Wilson refused to recognize the military dictatorship of General Victoriano Huerta, who had seized power in Mexico in 1913 by arranging to assassinate the democratically elected president.

General Huerta

Mexican revolutionary whose bloody regime Wilson refused to recognize and nearly ended up fighting

Tampico incident

An arrest of American sailors by the Mexican government that spurred Woodrow Wilson to dispatch the American navy to seize the port of Vera Cruz in April 1914. Although war was avoided, tensions grew between the US and Mexico.

ABC powers

Shocked by world reaction, Wilson accepted an offer from the ABC powers (Argentina, Brazil, and Chile) to mediate the dispute. The ABC powers supported Wilson by recommending that Huerta go into exile. (685)

Pancho Villa

This military leader dominated Northern Mexico during the Mexican Revolution between 1910 and 1915. His supporters seized hacienda land for distribution to peasants and soldiers. He robbed and commandeered trains. Allied with Zapata. He was eventually defeated though before the revolution ended in 1920.

American Expeditionary Force

About 2 million Americans went to France as members of this under General John J. Pershing. Included the regular army, the National Guard, and the new larger force of volunteers and draftees and they served as individuals

John J. Pershing

this American general led a punitive force into Mexico in pursuit of Pancho Villa after Villa's attack on Columbus, NM in 1916. During WWI, he also led the American Expeditionary Forces.

urban middle class

A small group within the urban areas. They were traders and professionals. The middle class enjoyed consumer items like furniture and large houses as well as indoor plumbing. They formed the backbone of clubs and societies.

professional associations

Groups of individuals who share a common profession and are often organized for common political purposes related to that profession.

Pragmatism

A way of thinking or an attitude that stresses the value of being practical, realistic, and useful, developed by William James and John Dewey

William James

1842-1910; Field: functionalism; Contributions: studied how humans use perception to function in our environment; Studies: Pragmatism, The Meaning of Truth

John Dewey

He was a philosopher who believed in "learning by doing" which formed the foundation of progressive education. He believed that the teachers' goal should be "education for life and that the workbench is just as important as the blackboard."

Frederick W. Taylor

an engineer, an inventor, and a tennis player. He sought to eliminate wasted motion. Famous for scientific-management especially time-management studies.

scientific management

…, a management theory using efficiency experts to examine each work operations and find ways to minimize the time needed to complete it

Henry Demarest Lloyd

He wrote the book "Wealth Against Commonwealth" in 1894. It was part of the progressive movement and the book's purpose was to show the wrong in the monopoly of the Standard Oil Company.

Standard Oil Company

Founded by John D. Rockefeller. Largest unit in the American oil industry in 1881. Known as A.D. Trust, it was outlawed by the Supreme Court of Ohio in 1899. Replaced by the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey.

Lincoln Steffans

muckraker who exposed political corruption and called for the"average businessman" to get involved in the democracy by voting
He was another muckraking journalist that worked for McClure's. He is known for exposing corruption in major American cities. His first installment- "Tweed Days in St. Louis" may have been the "first muckraking article". He also wrote an autobiography that Dr. Ferdon liked called the Autobiography of Lincoln Steffens. He said after returning from Communist Russia, "I've seen the future and it works."

Ida Tarbell

A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work "A History of Standard Oil."

Jacob Riis

Early 1900's muckraker who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. with his novel "How The Other Half Lives"; exposed the poor conditions of the poor tenements in NYC and Hell's Kitchen

Theodore

1858-1919. 26th President. Increased size of Navy, "Great White Fleet". Added Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine. "Big Stick" policy. Received Nobel Peace Prize for mediation of end of Russo-Japanese war. Later arbitrated split of Morocco between Germany and France.

Australian ballot

A government printed ballot of uniform size and shape to be cast in secret that was adopted by many states around 1890 in order to reduce the voting fraud associated with party printed ballots cast in public.

direct primary

A primary where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office

Robert La Follete

…, progressive leader/ gov. of Wisconsin gave power back to people, regulated utilities rates, instituted taxes on inheritance, first to tie state gov. & university together

Seventeenth Amendment

1913 constitutional amendment allowing American voters to directly elect US senators
Progressive measure that required U.S. senators to be elected directly by the people rather than by state legislatures

direct election of senators

17th Amendment

initiative

Procedure whereby a certain number of voters may, by petition, propose a law or constitutional amendment and have it submitted to the voters.

referendum

A state-level method of direct legislation that gives voters a chance to approve or disapprove proposed legislation or a proposed constitutional amendment.

recall

A procedure for submitting to popular vote the removal of officials from office before the end of their term.

municipal reform

Before the Progressive era, city municipalities such as water, transportation, and electricity were privately owned. The companies that controlled such were often corrupt. Thus, there was a movement to have the utilities owned by the government instead.
A reform introduced by Republican Mayor Samuel M. Jones that included free kindergartens, night schools, and public playgrounds.

Samuel M. Jones

"Golden Rule Jones," police can no longer beat people with night sticks, education is key, parks distributed, court systems changed:
Mayor of Ohio from 1897-1904, spent funds to open schools, build parks, and institute 8 hour work day