Chemistry of life AP Bio

Measure of Variability

The measure of how far a data set diverges from the central tendency

standard deviation

A measure of how spread out the data is from the mean

Low standard deviation

Means data is closer to the mean

high standard deviation

Means the data is spread out from the mean

Standard Error of the mean

used to determine the precision of and the confidence of the population

What does it mean if error bars overlap?

The difference between the data groups is considered not significant.

What does it mean if error bars do not overlap?

The difference between the data groups may be significant.

descriptive science

a form of science that aims to observe, explore, and find things out

hypothesis science

Explains nature, deductive reasoning

Scientific Method Steps

1) Identify problem

2) what do you already know

3)hypothesis

4) Conduct experiment (change one variable at a time)

5) Collect Data

6) Compare data to hypothesis

7) Conclusions and new hypothesis

Null Hypothesis (H0)

Assumes no effect or difference exists.

Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)

states that there is a statistically significant difference between the groups; the alternative hypothesis is what the researcher hopes to prove or accept

control group (+)

Change

Control group (-)

No change

Experimental group

Independent variable manipulated

Can anything in Science be proven?

NO

Lower case "t" Theory

are not predictive, not testable, and not supported by evidence

Theory

A broad, well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world

Law

Has math to prove it, not the same as a Theory

Biology big ideas

Evolution, energetic (Metabolism), information storage and transmission, System interactions

3 domains of life

1. Bacteria

2. Archaea

3. Eukarya

What do bacteria and Archaea have in common?

They are both prokaryotes

Taxonomy of living things (Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup)

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Prokaryotes

prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, have circular DNA, and are typically much smaller

Eukaryotes

organisms made up of one or more cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, larger, complex

5 kingdoms of life (Use fingers to tell these)

animals, plants, fungi, protists, bacteria

Characteristics of life

Homeostasis, Organized Cellular, Grow and develop, Reproduce, Adapts, Code of life (DNA), Energy (Metabolism), Response to environment

Organization of Life

biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle, molecule

The Essential elements are?

SPONCH (sulfur, phosphorus, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen)

Atomic number

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Mass Number

the sum of the number of neutrons and protons in an atomic nucleus

Elements in ___ columns has the same valance electrons

Vertical

Bohr Model

model of the atom in which electrons move rapidly around the nucleus in paths called orbits

Valance electron shells

1st shell: 2

2nd Shell: 8

3rd Shell: 18

Lewis Dot Structure

diagram of a molecule using dots to represent valence electrons

Ionic Bonds

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

Covalent Bonds

Bonds created by sharing electrons with other atoms.

Can covalent bonds be polar and non-polar?

Yes

Non-polar electrons are shared?

equally

Polar electrons are shared?

unequally

Electronegavity

the tendency for an atom to pull electrons toward itself (GREEDY)

Hydrogen Bonds

weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom

Hydrogen bonds are what type of bond?

intermolecular

Vander Waals Forces

a slight attraction that develops between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules (Dipole interactions)

Bonds determine what?

Shape

Shape determines

function

All chemical reactions come from what?

Breaking and forming of bonds

what is conserved in a chemical reaction?

mass, energy, and charge

Radioactivity

The process in which some substances spontaneously emit radiation (Used in medical situations)

Water's Unique Properties

high specific heat, good solvent, cohesive and adhesive, polar, ice floats

Cohesion

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

Adhesion

An attraction between molecules of different substances

Cohesion creates what?

surface tension

Cohesion and Adhesion are needed for what?

To move water up trees to complete transpiration

Capillary Action

Spontaneous upward movement of water due to forces of adhesion, cohesion and surface tension

Specific Heat

How much heat absorbed/released before an increase or decrease in temp happens

What must break for an increase or decrease in temperature?

Hydrogen bonds

How specific heat works?

Moderation of air temp

stabilizing of ocean temps

organism can resist change in temp

Water acts as a..?

buffer

evaporative cooling

The process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, a result of the molecules with the greatest kinetic energy changing from the liquid to the gaseous state.

Heat of vaporization

The amount of energy required for the liquid at its boiling point to become a gas

Solid Water is ___ than liquid water

less dense

Water is an execellent…

Solvent

Why is Water a good solvent?

because of its polarity and hydrogen bonding

What can water not dissolve?

non polar molecules

Strongest bonds in AP biology

1) Covalent

2) Ionic

3) Hydrogen

A solution is usually..

Homogeneous

Acid

any compound that forms H+ ions in solution and is less than 7 (Donates H+ protons to water)

Base

Accept protons H+ from the water

and higher than 7

In all aqueous solutions

[H3O+][OH−] = 1.0 × 10-14

Water breaks into what?

A hydronium (H30+) ion and a hydroxide (OH-) ion

PH=

-log[H+]

Buffer

compound that prevents sharp, sudden changes in pH and has both acid and base properties

Biological system can only tolerate…?

a narrow range of PH

ocean acidification

decreasing pH of ocean waters due to absorption of excess atmospheric CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels

Everything in Biology is ___ based?

carbon

Carbon is?

abundant and universal

Hydrocarbons

Compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen (Chain) and are non-polar

Carbon forms what bonds with other elements

covalent bonds (Single, double and triple)

Carbon can have Diversity in..?

Its skeletons

4 Ways of Skeleton Variation

1) Length

2) Branching

3) Double bond positioning

4) Presents of rings

Isomerism

Compounds with the same formula but different structures.