Bio Final Exam Flash Cards

1. What type of cell division produces sex cells (gametes)?

meiosis

2. All genetic diseases are recessive.

false

3. Thymine bonds to adenine in RNA.

false

4. An organism’s phenotype is determined by its genotype.

true

5. A group of amino acids linked together is a gene.

false

6. James Watson and Francis Crick are often credited with the discovery of the DNA double helix structure?

true

7. All traits are totally determined by your genes.

false

8. There are no human cells that have fewer than 46 chromosomes.

false

9. Omnivores only eat other animals.

false

10. There are at least 50,000 different types of edible plants on planet Earth.

true

11. Exons are segments of DNA that actually code for an amino acid sequence.

true

12. A change in the normal DNA sequence of an organism is called a mutation.

true

13. Plasmids are small circular pieces of DNA outside of the main chromosome in bacterial cells.

true

14. The human population is currently decreasing.

false

15. Insulin has been produced for human use by using Recombinant DNA technology.

true

16. The shape of an RNA molecule is a double helix.

false

17. Most corn farmed today is genetically modified by people.

true

18. The three most heavily produced crops are:

corn, rice, wheat

19. A picture of a person’s chromosomes is called?

karotype

20. Which of the following is not accomplished using genetics?

none of the above

Which of the following is a genetic disease that mainly affects people starting in their 40s and 50s and causes mental deterioration?

Huntingtons Disease

22. The father determines the gender of humans.

true

23. A trait that is controlled by two or more genes is called?

polygenic

25. Most strains of rice have been genetically modified to provide people with:

1. Vitamin A for better eyesight

26. During which part of the cell cycle do the homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell?

Metaphase 1

27. During which part of the cell cycle does the DNA replicate itself?

Interphase

28. What are the three parts of a nucleotide that make up DNA?

A 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group, nitrogen base

29. What type of attractive force holds the DNA double helix together?

hydrogen bond

30. What term describes cancerous cells that can spread to the parts of the body and grow?

Malignant tumors

31. During which phase of the cell cycle do homologous chromosomes cross over to make new genes?

Prophase 1

32. Which of the following structures bonds to ribosomes and is involved in protein synthesis?

mRNA

35. Where does photosynthesis mostly occur in plants?

leaves

36. What type of organisms go through photosynthesis?

both a & b

37. What is the name of the enzyme that unzips the DNA double helix structure to start DNA replication

DNA helicase

38. What enzyme is used to copy DNA into RNA?

RNA polymerase

39. Which genetic disease prevents blood from properly clotting?

hemophilia

40. If two people are both heterozygous for free earlobes (recall free earlobes are the dominant trait), then what is the probability their offspring will have free earlobes?

75%

What is the name of the genetic disease where people must avoid Nutra-Sweet to avoid brain damage and death?

PKU

Which of the following is the correct sequence for cellular respiration?

Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport

44. What happens during transcription?

DNA makes a copy of itself called RNA

46. During which phase of the cell cycle does the cell spend most of its time?

Interphase

48. Which type of respiration gives the cell the most amount of ATP?

Aerobic respiration

49. What is the uncondensed form of DNA called before cell division?

chromatin

50. Plants absorb CO2 gas and convert it into solid carbon containing substances. This helps remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and reduces climate change.

true

55. What organelle is responsible for making the most amount of ATP in eukaryotic cells?

Mitochondria

56. Scientists have mapped many genetic mutations to specific chromosomes for genetic diseases.

true

57. What process separates DNA fragments from each other?

Gel electrophoresis

58. Where does the Taq DNA polymerase come from that is used in PCR?

Bacteria that live in Yellowstone National Park

59. What is BT corn?

BT corn is corn that has been genetically modified to have a gene inserted into its genome bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis.

60. What is a transgenic organism?

A transgenic organism is an organism that has had DNA from a different species integrated into its own DNA.

61. What is a plasmid?

A plasmid is a small, circular piece of DNA separate from the main large chromosome in bacterial cells, plasmids are heavily used in genetically modifying bacteria, like in the case of inserted the human insulin gene into E. coli plasmid DNA to make human insulin for people which is safer for them to use compared to cow insulin they used to take.

65. What is phenotype?

Phenotypes are the actual characteristics of an organism. Your height is a phenotype.

66. What is a genotype?

Genotypes are the genes someone has to determine your phenotypes.

67. DNA can be separated using an electrical current because:

DNA has a slight negative charge and it will be attracted to the positive end of the apparatus.

72. What is used in genetic engineering to cut up DNA?

restriction enzymes

73. Where do restriction enzymes come from?

Restriction enzymes come from bacteria that produce them.

75. What does it mean for a trait to be polygenic?

Polygenic traits are genes that are determined by two or more genes.

78. Which organelle serves as a platform for protein synthesis by bonding to the mRNA?

Ribosome

Ribosome

83. Which statement is not part of the concept of natural selection?

D. Genes of an individual adapt to a changing environment

84. Scientists compared fossil remains of a species that lived 5,000 years ago with members of the same species living today. Scientists concluded that this species had changed very little over the entire time period. Which statement best accounts for this lack of change?

D. The environment did not change significantly and those offspring expressing new characteristics survived their natural enemies.

85. A certain species has little genetic variation. The rapid extinction of this species would most likely result from the effect of:

environmental change