BIO 113 Unit One Review

cell

Basic unit of life

tissue

A group of similar cells that perform the same function.

organ

A collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body

organ system

group of organs that work together to perform a specific function

respond to stimuli

Reactions to the environment around them.

reproduction

the production of new cells or offspring

adaptations

Changes in physical structure, function, or behavior that allow an organism or species to survive and reproduce in a given environment.

Growth and Development

consistent growth and development controlled by DNA

regulation

coordination of internal functions

homestasis

maintenance of relatively constant internal conditions

photosynthesis

Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.

metabolism

All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism

taxonomy

The science of classifying organisms

genus

A classification grouping that consists of a number of similar, closely related species (use italics and capitalize)

species

A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring (Italics and lower case)

Linnean classification scheme

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

classification of humans

Domain: Eukarya

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Mammalia

Order: Primates

Family: Hominidae

Genus: Homo

Species: Sapiens

phylogenetic tree

A family tree that shows the evolutionary relationships thought to exist among groups of organisms

The domains of life are

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

prokaryotic

cells that do not have a nucleus or membrane bound organelles (simpler, are single-celled)

Eukaryotic cells

cells that contain a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles (more complex - may be single-celled or multicellular)

Kingdom Animalia Characteristics

eukaryotic, multicellular, motile, consumers

mammals

Animals that have hair and produce milk for their young

placental mammals

Mammals that nourish their unborn offspring through a placenta inside the female mammal.

monotremes

mammals that lay eggs (platypus, spiny anteater)

marsupials

Mammals whose immature offspring complete their development in an external pouch (koalas, kangaroos, Tasmanian wolf)

Kingdom Plantae characteristics

eukaryote, multicellular, producers, most are flowering

Taxol (paclitaxel)

cancer treatment drug derived from Pacific Yew Trees

Kingdom Fungi characteristics

Eukaryote, decomposers, multicellular and unicellular (fungi, yeast, and molds)

Penicillium

a genus of fungus used as a source of a chemical used to make penicillin

yeast

unicellular fungi

mushrooms

multicellular fungi

Rice blast disease

fungal disease causing serious crop loss

ergot fungus

the mold ergot, which infects the flowers of wheat, rye and other grains and produces poisons that can harm humans and animals that eat the infected grain.

Candida albicans

fungal (yeast) infection

tinea

infection of the skin caused by a fungus (foot, body, scalp)

Kingdom Protista Characteristics

Eukaryotes, multicellular (some unicellular)

Algae Characteristic Features

protists characterized by pigments, photosynthetic

protozoa characteristic features

unicellular, free-living, can be parasitic, phagocytic

CIlia

Hair-like projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for movement

Pseudopod

A temporary, foot-like extension of a cell, used for movement or engulfing food

Naegleria fowleri

brain eating amoeba with a pseudopod

Paramecium

a protist with cilia

flagella

Whip-like tail used for movement

Trypanosoma

African sleeping sickness, protist with a flagella

Fungal-like protists

decomposers, mostly multicellular

slime molds

fungal-like protists

Plasmodium falciparum

fungal-like protist which causes malaria

Phytophthora infestans

fungal-like protists(water mold) that caused the Irish Potato Famine

red algae

marine algae used as a thickening agent - carageenan

Domain Archaea

Any of various single-celled prokaryotes genetically distinct from bacteria, often thriving in extreme environmental conditions

origin of cells

first fossils of cells: 3.5 billion years ago, prokaryotes

Domain Eubacteria Characteristics

unicellular, prokaryotic, suited to pretty much any environment on this planet except for the most extreme.

Bacterial shapes and arrangements

Coccus - spheres, Bacillus - rods, Spirillum/Spirochetes - spirals

Domain Archaea Characteristics

Prokaryotic adapted to extreme environments

Methanogens

methane producing archaea

Halophiles

"salt-loving" archaea that live in environments that have very high salt concentrations

Thermoacidophiles

extremely acidic and high temperature loving archaea

Thermus aquaticus

-one of the most important bacterial discoveries

-used in polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

-found in hot springs

-archaea bacteria

biodiversity

The number of different species in an area

Extinction

a species that no longer exists

biology

the scientific study of life

Scientific Method

A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.

observation

the action or process of observing something carefully or in order to gain information. Start of scientific method.

hypothesis

An educated guess, requires an observation

hypothesis must be falsifiable

able to be disproven by experimental results

data correlation

Automatically looks for common attributes of events across the monitored portions of the network

experimental (independent) variable

factor being tested

dependent variable

The measurable effect, outcome, or response

controlled variables

All those things that must be kept the same during the investigation to produce a valid, fair test.

control group

In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.

scientific theory

a well-tested explanation for a set of experimental results

scientific law

universal and absolute

experimental bias

Factors that distort how the independent variable affects the dependent variable in an experiment

blind experiment

An experiment in which the subjects do not know whether they are members of the experimental group or the control group.

double blind experiment

an experimental design in which neither the experimenter nor the participants are aware of which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group

placebo effect

the phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior

Evolution

Change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms.

common descent

principle that all living things were derived from common ancestors

Charles Darwin

English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection

On the Origin of Species

Charles Darwin's book explained how various species evolve over time and only those with adaptations can survive and reproduce

HMS Beagle

the ship Charles Darwin sailed on

Alfred Russell

English scientist who wrote an essay on evolution

Fossils

Preserved remains of once-living organisms

mass extinction

the extinction of a large proportion of the world's species in a very short time period due to some extreme and rapid change or catastrophic event.

Continental Drift

the gradual movement of the continents across the earth's surface through geological time.

Impact of meteorites

proposed as primary cause of Cretaceous extinction

inheritance of acquired characteristics

The hypothesis that organisms' bodies change during their lifetimes by use and disuse and that these changes are inherited by their offspring

Formation of the Grand Canyon

erosion, slow natural process

Pangaea

All the continents were once part of a supercontinent

Laurasia and Gondwana

vast continents that split from Pangea

Galapagos Islands

Chain of islands near South America where Darwin developed his theory of natural selection by studying the unique life there.

Darwin's FInches

Several species of finch's evolved to have different beak shapes to occupy a specific niche on the Galapagos islands.

adaptive radiation

An evolutionary pattern in which many species evolve from a single ancestral species

Natural Selection

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.

More offspring are produced than can survive

This leads to competition for limited resources, the environment restricts the number of reproducing individuals

Industrial Melanism

darkening of populations of organisms over time in response to industrial pollution

Microevolution

change in the gene pool of a population over several generations (rare)

artificial selection

Selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from the natural variation among different organisms

genetic mutations

Changes in the genetic material that results in a change in characteristics