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FIRST TOPIC!! APARTHIED!!
welcome to history.
Official Name of South Africa
Formally known as the Republic of South Africa (RSA), it ranks as the 25th largest country by landmass and the 24th most populous nation.
Demographic Composition of South Africa
Approximately 80% of South Africans are of Sub-Saharan African descent, characterized by a diversity of ethnic groups that speak a range of Bantu languages. The demographic also includes Africa's largest populations of European, Asian, and multiracial ancestries.
Languages Spoken in South Africa
South Africa has eleven official languages including Afrikaans, Northern Sotho, English, Southern Ndebele, Southern Sotho, Swazi, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, and Zulu.
Definition and Concept of Apartheid
Apartheid was a legal and social system that enforced racial segregation by separating populations into distinct groups, based on the belief that different ethnicities are fundamentally distinct.
Underlying Philosophies of Apartheid
The system of Apartheid draws heavily from Social Darwinism, which applies a misinterpretation of Darwin's natural selection theory to justify racial hierarchies, asserting that certain races are biologically superior.
Role of Calvinism in Apartheid Development
The doctrine of Calvinism, especially the concept of predestination, influenced apartheid by promoting the belief that God designed separate racial groups, aligning Afrikaners with divine authority and positioning them as South Africa's rulers.
Concept of Afrikaner Exceptionalism
Historical scholarship highlights Afrikaner Exceptionalism starting with the trekboers, suggesting that their isolation from Europe allowed them to form a unique worldview akin to biblical Israelites, placing themselves as God's chosen people.
Initial Segregation Policies During British Rule
In the Cape Colony during British governance, significant measures were instituted, including designating laws and categorizing populations as 'civilized' or 'uncivilized', significantly limiting the freedom of movement and residency for non-whites.
The Natives Land Act of 1913
This landmark legislation prohibited Africans, representing over two-thirds of the population, from owning or leasing lands outside of narrow reserves, which comprised roughly 7.5% of South Africa's total land, often of poor quality.
Impact of the Mines and Works Act of 1911
The Mines and Works Act restricted semi-skilled and skilled mining jobs solely to white workers, perpetuating economic disparities based on race.
The Significance of the Act of Union 1909
This act established a unified government in South Africa while severely limiting voting rights to the white minority, effectively solidifying institutional segregation.
The Natives (Urban Areas) Act of 1923
This act classified urban areas mainly for white inhabitants, contributing further to the segregation of urban spaces based on race.
Economic Discrimination and Color Bar Laws
Legislation such as the Wage Act of 1925 and the Mines and Works Amendment of 1926 enforced preferential treatment for white workers, legally institutionalizing racial discrimination in the labor market.
The Social Context of Early Segregation
The early structures of segregation emerged from the mass migration of diverse African populations to urban areas, leading to the establishment of black-only townships such as Ndabeni in 1901, situated at considerable distances from city centers.
Historical Context of Afrikaner Identity
Afrikaner identity and exceptionalism were shaped by their historical experiences, such as the Great Trek and their conflict with indigenous populations, which reinforced their belief in divine destiny and superiority.
Resistance to Myth of Afrikaner Destinies
Challenges to the notion of Afrikaner exceptionalism argue that it was a constructed myth of the 1930s, while counterarguments point to longstanding segregation systems even before British colonial rule.
Petty Apartheid (Baaskap)
The initial phase of apartheid focused on the complete domination of Whites over Blacks, characterized by brutal subjugation and control over daily life.
Election of 1948
A pivotal parliamentary election that allowed apartheid to be implemented, leading to the National Party's control under DF Malan.
Daniel François (DF) Malan
Leader of the National Party who won the election of 1948, ousting Jan Smuts and enabling the apartheid regime.
Johanned Gerhardus Strijdom
Prime Minister of South Africa from 1954-1958, known for his radical and uncompromising policies within the National Party.
Dr. Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd
Psychologist and Prime Minister, known as the 'Architect of Apartheid' and responsible for designing grand apartheid.
Grand Apartheid
A more ideologically sophisticated phase of apartheid aimed at creating separate nation-states for different races, initiated by HF Verwoerd.
Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act
1949 law prohibiting marriages between different races, one of the first laws implemented under apartheid.
Population Registration Act of 1950
An essential component of apartheid that classified and registered individuals by race, based on biological factors.
Group Areas Act of 1950
Legislation that designated specific residential areas for different racial groups, enforcing racial segregation in urban spaces.
Pass Laws
Laws requiring Africans to carry detailed identification documents, leading to surveillance and restrictions on movement.
Reservation of Separate Amenities Act 1953
Law enforcing strict segregation of public amenities by race, similar to segregation laws in the United States.
Living Conditions in Townships
Overcrowded and poorly maintained areas where many Black South Africans were forced to live under apartheid.
The Bantu Education Act 1953
Legislation establishing separate and inferior educational systems for Africans, reinforcing economic servitude.
Forced Removals Under Group Areas Act
Policies enforcing the relocation of non-whites from urban centers to peripheral townships and reserves.
Natives Resettlement Act 1954
Act that facilitated the removal of Black communities from urban areas to designated 'homelands'.
Destruction of Sophiatown
The forced removal of a Black neighborhood in Johannesburg, leading to its replacement with an Afrikaner suburb.
Immorality Act
Legislation criminalizing sexual relationships between whites and non-whites, extending the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act.
Linguistic Proficiency as Test for Whiteness
One of the arbitrary criteria used by the Race Classification Board to determine an individual's racial classification.
The Pencil Test
A discriminatory test used to classify individuals as white or non-white based on hair texture.
Political Consequences of Group Areas Act
Legislation that excluded non-whites from civic spaces, crippling their social and cultural opportunities.
Soweto Townships
Emerging townships that housed millions of Black South Africans, marked by rapid urbanization and overcrowding.
Urban Gangs (Tsotsis)
Gangs that arose in the townships, sustaining a criminal economy amidst the lack of police presence.
Anti-Apartheid Opposition
Efforts against apartheid policies led by various groups, using activism, protests, and political dissent.
The Role of Calvinism in Apartheid
Influenced the belief that racial separateness was divinely ordained, shaping Afrikaner identity.
Significance of the Act of Union 1909
This act unified South Africa while limiting voting rights to the white minority, reinforcing institutional segregation.
Influence of Social Darwinism
Philosophy underpinning apartheid, misrepresenting natural selection to justify racial hierarchies.
Historic Economic Disparities
Economic inequality institutionalized under apartheid, reinforcing the dominance of white workers in skilled jobs.
Cultural Suppression under Apartheid
Efforts to dismantle African cultural expressions and promote a homogenous Afrikaner narrative.
Resistance Movements Prior to 1964
Organizations and groups that opposed apartheid policies, leading to early resistance strategies.
Hendrik Verwoerd's Legacy
Controversial figure known for his role in designing apartheid, viewed as both a political architect and a violator of human rights.
Apartheid's Global Criticism
International condemnation of apartheid leading to economic sanctions and global pressure for change.
Role of African National Congress (ANC)
Key political group leading resistance against apartheid, advocating for equal rights and social justice.
Historical Context of Racial Segregation
Racism entrenched in South African history, culminating in the legal framework of apartheid.
Post-Apartheid Societal Impact
Long-lasting effects of apartheid policies on contemporary South African society, including economic and social disparities.
Legacy of Apartheid Education
Creation of a separate and unequal education system that perpetuated cycles of poverty and limited opportunities.
Grand Apartheid
A phase of apartheid initiated in the late 1950s aimed at strict territorial segregation based on race, promoting independence for racial component parts of South Africa.
Goals of Grand Apartheid
To create moral legitimacy for the apartheid regime and allow African groups to achieve independence through territorial separation.
Lofty Ambitions of Grand Apartheid
The term ‘Grand’ reflects the ambitious goals to create self-governing homelands for Black South Africans.
U.S. Support During Apartheid
U.S. support for South Africa during apartheid was often influenced more by anti-communism and economic interests rather than by moral concerns.
Bantustans
Self-governing homelands proposed by the National Party, intended to segregate Black Africans from white South Africa.
Transformation of Native Reserves
The process of converting native reserves into Bantustans aimed at establishing separate states for Black populations.
Citizenship in Bantustans
Under apartheid, Black South Africans would be citizens of Bantustans rather than South Africa, reinforcing territorial segregation.
Bantu Authorities Act 1951
Legislation that created regional authorities for Africans and eliminated representation for non-whites in the South African parliament.
Bantu Self-Governing Act 1959
Act establishing ten bantustans and assigning a White Commissioner-General to oversee each group’s political transition.
Political Responsibility Shift
The government argued it was no longer responsible for Black South Africans as they were considered citizens of their homelands.
1970 Citizenship Decree
The decree stated that all Black South Africans were citizens of their Bantustans, disenfranchising those outside these areas.
Independence of Bantustans
Some Bantustans gained independence in the 1970s, but most were unrecognized internationally except by South Africa.
Transkei as a Bantustan
The first Native Reserve converted to a Bantustan, designated as the homeland for the Xhosa people.
Transkei Legislative Assembly
Established by the Transkei Constitution Act of 1963, intended to give the appearance of self-governance.
Control Over Bantustans
The Pretoria government maintained control over crucial aspects like security and foreign relations despite the autonomy of bantustans.
Democratic Party in Transkei
Won elections, but the structure was manipulated to maintain power for allied tribal leaders.
Land Allocation to Bantustans
Bantustans received land that was economically unproductive, further marginalizing Black South Africans.
Economic Conditions in Bantustans
Bantustans were economically unproductive with high poverty rates and few job opportunities, leading to mass migration to cities.
Bantu Investment Corporation Act 1959
Legislation aimed at promoting economic development in Bantustans, which ultimately proved ineffective.
Sun City as a Bantustan Example
A semi-successful area in Bophuthatswana known for its hotel and entertainment industry, ironically thriving amidst apartheid restrictions.
Protests and Strategies of the Anti-Apartheid Movement
The anti-apartheid movement employed various strategies including mass protests, rallies, and acts of civil disobedience to challenge apartheid laws.
Defiance Campaign
Started in 1952, the Defiance Campaign was a coordinated protest led by the ANC against new apartheid legislation.
Purpose of the Defiance Campaign
Designed to pressure the government to repeal apartheid laws and negotiate with the ANC.
Philosophy of Non-Violent Civil Disobedience
The Defiance Campaign emphasized non-violent actions as a contrast to the violent oppression by apartheid authorities.
Early Participation in Defiance Campaign
Included mass rallies in major cities, aiming to unify multiple racial groups against apartheid.
National Action Committee
A coalition formed by the ANC, SAIC, and FRAC to coordinate protests during the Defiance Campaign.
First Major Protest Date
The first significant protest occurred on June 26, 1952, to commemorate those killed during earlier protests.
Goals of the Defiance Campaign
To target six specific laws: Pass Laws Act, Group Areas Act, Suppression of Communism Act, Bantu Authorities Act, Separate Representation of Voters Act, and Stock Limitation Act.
Nelson Mandela's Role
Mandela participated in early defiance actions, representing leadership within the ANC during the campaign.
Popular Methods of Defiance
Included burning passbooks, using segregated amenities, illegally entering white suburbs, and defying curfews.
Impact of Arrests
Over 8,300 volunteers were arrested during the Defiance Campaign, overwhelming the criminal justice system.
Consequences of Protests
Protests escalated into violence, contradicting the principles of civil disobedience.
Criminal Law Amendment Act 1953
Legislation passed to impose harsher penalties on protestors, including longer prison sentences and corporal punishment.
Suppression of ANC Activities
The ANC was banned from meetings under the Suppression of Communism Act during the campaign.
Defiance Campaign Support Base
Support for the campaign was strongest in urban areas such as Johannesburg, Port Elizabeth, and East London.
Unique Challenges faced by the ANC
Participants largely came from the middle-class black community, with less engagement from poorer populations.
Hostility from White Populace
The white community largely viewed the Defiance Campaign with hostility, and the English press was unsympathetic.
1970 White-Only Election Impact
The elections in 1953 reinforced the National Party's power, complicating the ANC’s efforts.
Coalition Broadened
The Defiance Campaign united different racial and interest groups against apartheid, expanding the ANC's support.
Expansion of ANC Membership
The ANC's membership grew significantly from 20,000 in 1952 to 100,000 by 1953.
Congress of the People (COP)
Convened in 1955, the COP aimed to unify all racial groups against apartheid and advance the anti-apartheid struggle.
Freedom Charter
A key document drafted during the COP that called for a non-racial democratic government and equitable resource distribution.
Treason Trials
Following the Freedom Charter's adoption, many leaders faced treason charges, which ultimately resulted in acquittals.
ZK Matthews' Role in COP
Professor ZK Matthews proposed the Congress of the People as a means to unify anti-apartheid efforts.
Signatures Campaign
The Million Signature Campaign was part of the COP efforts to present grievances from ordinary people.
Kliptown Meeting Significance
Attracting 2,844 delegates, this was the largest COP meeting where the Freedom Charter was proclaimed.
Government Response to COP Meeting
The police disrupted the Kliptown meeting, arresting speakers and confiscating documents.
Broadening Social Base of ANC
The COP aimed to broaden ANC's social base, incorporating individuals from diverse backgrounds.
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