Studied by 3 peopleChile and Nepal
Primary effects
Chile - 500 dead, 80,000 affected, $30 billion
Nepal - 9000 dead, 3 million homeless, $5 billion
Chile and Nepal
Secondary effects
Chile - communities cut off by landslides, coast devastated by a tsunami
Nepal - avalanches on Everest kills 19, flooding caused by landslides blocking rivers
Chile and Nepal
Immediate responses
Chile - Swift action from the emergency services, key roads repaired in 24 hours and most power restored in 10 days
Nepal - Rescue teams from the UK, India provided food and water, 500,000 tents needed for the homeless and field hospitals set up
Chile and Nepal
Long term responses
Chile - Strong economy reduced the need for aid, government helped 200,000 households and full recovery in 4 years
Nepal - Everest reopened to boost tourism, stricter building controls and damaged repaired to houses and roads
Typhoon Haiyan
Primary effects
Typhoon Haiyan(Philippines)
6,500 deaths
$14 billion cost
90% of Tacloban destroyed
Typhoon Haiyan
Secondary effects
Typhoon Haiyan(Philippines)
14 million people affected
6 million jobs lost
Water and sewage systems destroyed this caused diseases.
Typhoon Haiyan
Immediate responses
Typhoon Haiyan(Philippines)
The UN raised E190m in aid.
USA & UK sent helicopter carrier ships deliver aid remote areas.
1200 evacuation centres
Typhoon Haiyan
Long term responses
Typhoon Haiyan(Philippines)
Education on typhoon preparedness.
'Cash for work' programmes- people paid to clear and rebuild.
Oxfam replaced fishing boats
Tropical storms
3 Ps
Prediction - The warm oceans are monitored and the storm track (direction) predicted.
Protection - Tropical storm proof buildings include: reinforced walls, stilts, window shutters
Planning - Education and training mean that when the storm strikes people know what to do and lives saved.
Malaysia TRF
Causes of deforestation
Malaysia TRF
L - Logging
M - Mineral extraction
C - Commercial farming
P - Population pressure
E - Energy extraction
S - Subsistence farming
Malaysia TRF
Logging
Malaysia TRF
Trees are felled to be sold. In the past clear felling (destructive removal of the whole rainforest) was used.
But they now use selective felling (more sustainable as only the valuable trees are removed). (And Heli logging)
Malaysia TRF
Mineral extraction
Malaysia TRF
Valuable tin, oil and gas are taken from under the rainforest.
Malaysia TRF
Commercial farming
Malaysia TRF
Malaysia is largest exporter of palm oil in the world. This and other crops causes severe deforestation.
Malaysia TRF
Population Pressure
Malaysia TRF
Poor urban people are encourage to move Into the Borneo rainforest and set up a policy known as transmigration.
Malaysia TRF
Energy extraction
Malaysia TRF
HEP dams produce cheap hydro electricity which boosts the Malaysian economy. For example the Bakun Dam.
Malaysia TRF
Subsistence farming
Malaysia TRF
Traditional, small-scale farming, often using slash and burn to return nutrients to the soil.
Malaysia TRF
Environmental negatives
Malaysia TRF
Loss of biodiversity — orangutans will become extinct.
Soil erosion — removal of the canopy means the hard tropical rain washes away the soil- this causes permanent damage to the ecosystem.
Climate change- the TRF are the lungs of the world, absorbing huge amounts of C02.
The loss of the TRF causes global climate change.
Malaysia TRF
Social negatives
Malaysia TRF
Indigenous tribes like the Penan will lose their way of life.
Malaysia TRF
Economic positives
Malaysia TRF
Jobs are created- both directly and indirectly.
Tax revenue raised from sales help Malaysia develop into a HIC.
Thar Desert
Opportunities
Thar Desert
Valuable minerals for industries and construction, such as gypsum.
Energy resources such as coal and oil are found as well as renewable solar power.
Thar desert has attracted tourists, especially during festivals and desert safaris.
Farming is mainly subsistence, but recently the new Indira Gandhi Canal has allowed commercial farming of products like dates.
Thar Desert
Challenges
Thar Desert
The extreme heat makes it difficult to work outside for very long.
Very limited water supplies under pressure from the growing populations.
High evaporation rates from irrigation canals and farmland leaves salt behind (salinisation).
Access through the desert is tricky as roads are difficult to build and maintain (covered by sand).
Desertification
Causes
Desertification
Climate Change - Reduce rainfall and rising temperatures have meant less water for plants
Fuel Wood - People rely on wood for fuel. This removal of trees causes the soil to be exposed.
Over-Cultivation - If crops are grown in the same areas too often, nutrients in the soil will be used up causing soil erosion.
Overgrazing - Too many animals mean plants are eaten faster than they can grow back. Causing soil erosion.
Population Growth - A growing population puts pressure on the land leading to more deforestation, overgrazing and over-cultivation.
Desertification
Desertification management
Desertification
Water and soil management —growing crops that don't need much water. For example, Atriplex shrubs which hold the soil together and provide shade. Also leaving areas of land to rest and recover lost nutrients.
Tree Planting - trees can act as windbreaks to protect the soil
National Parks— creating protected parks to control human activities
Appropriate Technology — many areas are in LICs so using less expensive, sustainable materials for people to maintain. e.g. magic stones, walls of stones that trap soil preventing erosion.
Why are TRF important
Why are TRF important
Biodiversity -Only 2% of the land contains 50% of the species.
Climate Change -Rainforests absorb and store C02 They also produce 28% of the world's oxygen.
Medicine -Around 25% of all medicines come from rainforest plants.
People -Indigenous tribes will be lost, they mostly live sustainably.
Note
Flashcard