PHI103: Week2 5-12 lecture - Ch2

Flashcards reviewing lecture notes on human value development, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Hume's Law, fundamental needs, and Kohlberg's theory of moral resoning

What is a human value?

Something that a particular person develops depending upon their thinking and behavior in a certain society or scenario.

Human values can be derived from what sources?

Relations, religious background, cultural heritage, and personal experience.

What does a depressed person's worldview typically look like?

They often see a lot of negativity around them.

What is the Maslow hierarchy of needs?

A theory explaining that depending on a person's needs, they develop certain values.

What is the first level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Survival or physiological needs, concerning how to survive.

What is the second level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Safety needs, including physical and financial safety.

What is the third level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Belonging and love needs, involving friendships and socialization.

What is the fourth level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Esteem needs, seeking prestige and respect in society.

What is the fifth level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Self-actualization, thinking about social reform and broader perspectives.

According to Maslow's theory, when do values develop within a person?

Depending on the hierarchy of needs and the level they are on.

What is Hume's Law?

The facts and the actions of individuals are not always related and there is a gap filled by values and ethics, which motivates different actions.

How does Hume's Law relate to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

Ethics come into play when a person is secure and has their needs fulfilled, which correlates with reaching higher levels of self-actualization.

Name some fundamental needs that influence how people make decisions in the workplace

Independence, autonomy, privacy/confidentiality, self-esteem, well-being, security, and sense of belonging.

What is the preconventional stage in Kohlberg's theory?

The first stage of moral reasoning, where individuals are motivated by punishment and obedience.

What is the conventional stage in Kohlberg's theory?

The second stage of moral reasoning, where individuals are motivated by pleasing others and respecting rules.

What is the postconventional stage in Kohlberg's theory?

The third stage of moral reasoning, where individuals are motivated by social contracts and personal conscience.

What are some criticisms of Kohlberg's stage theory?

The original research has gender bias and the methodology was reinterpreted for less biased results when applied to both genders