HBS unit 1

skeletal system

system which protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement. Made up of bones and joints

muscular system

Consists of skeletal muscles, tendons that connect muscles to bones, and ligaments that attach bones together to form joint

nervous system

the network of nerve cells and fibers that transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body.

endocrine system

Consists of glands that control many of the body's activities by producing hormones.

reproductive system

system of organs involved in producing offspring

cardiovascular system

Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.

respiratory system

A system of organs, functioning in the process of gas exchange between the body and the environment, consisting especially of the nose, nasal passages, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

immune (lymphatic) system

A system (including the thymus and bone marrow and lymphoid tissues) that protects the body from foreign substances and pathogenic organisms by producing the immune response

urinary (excretory) system

organs of this system include the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

digestive system

System which breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells.

anterior

directional terms means in front of

posterior

toward the back

ventral

Toward the belly

dorsal

toward the back

superior

toward the head

inferior

Lower on the body, farther from the head

proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

medial

Toward the midline of the body

lateral

Away from the midline of the body

superficial

near the surface

abdominal region

pertaining to the abdomen

antecubital region

front of elbow

axillary region

armpit

brachial region

upper arm

buccal region

cheek

calcaneal region

heel

carpal region

wrist

cephalic region

head

cervical region

neck

coxal region

hip

digital region

fingers, toes

femoral region

thigh

gluteal region

buttock

inguinal region

groin

lumbar region

lower back

nasal region

nose

occipital region

back of head

olecranol region

back of elbow

oral region

mouth

orbital region

eye

patellar region

knee

popliteal region

back of knee

sacral region

the area where the sacrum is located; forms the tail end of the spinal column

sternal region

sternum

tarsal region

ankle

thoracic region

chest area

umbilical region

around the bellybutton

vertebral region

spinal column

coronal plane

An imaginary plane where the body is cut into front and back parts.

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right

transverse plane

horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions

cell

Basic unit of life

tissue

A group of similar cells that perform the same function.

organ

A collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body

organ system

group of organs that work together to perform a specific function

nervous tissue

Tissue that senses stimuli and transmits signals.

epithelial tissue

A body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out

muscle tissue

A body tissue that contracts or shortens, making body parts move.

connective tissue

A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts

spongy bone

Layer of bone tissue having many small spaces and found just inside the layer of compact bone as well as the epiphysis; also known as cancellous bone

compact bone

Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone; also known as cortical bone

flat bones

These bones are thin, flat, and curved. They form the ribs, breastbone, and skull.

long bones

bones of the arms and legs, longer than they are wide

short bones

cube shaped bones of the wrist and ankle

irregular bones

bones of the vertebrae and face

epiphysis

End of a long bone

diaphysis

shaft of a long bone

periosteum

Double-layered connective tissue that covers and nourishes the bone.

medullary cavity

cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow

osteon

structural unit of compact bone

osteocytes

mature bone cells

osteoblasts

bone forming cells

osteoclasts

Bone-destroying cells

hematoma formation

blood vessels break, releasing blood that clots

fibrocartilage callus formation

New capillaries begin to form into the clotted blood in the damaged area. Connective tissues cells form a mass of repair tissue called a fibrocartilage callus. This callus contains some cartilage, some bone and collagen fibers and the combined mass closes the gap between the broken bones.

bony callus formation

The third stage of bone healing. (the hard callus phase)

bone remodeling

final stage of bone healing in which the bony callus is remodeled to restore the normal shape of bone

spiral fracture

This type of fracture results from a twisting force

transverse fracture

this type of fracture results from a bending force

comminuted fracture

bone breaks into many fragments

Muscle Tissue

A body tissue that contracts or shortens, making body parts move.

Fibula

The lateral and smaller bone of the lower leg

Femur

upper leg bone

Humerus

upper arm bone

Sarcomere

contractile unit of a muscle fiber

acetylcholine

neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of nerve cells

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

Calcium's role in muscle contraction

The permeable muscle cell membrane allows the calcium to rush into the muscle cell. The calcium binds to the troponin-tropomyosin complex (the "door") and pulls it away from the actin receptor sites.

Perimysium

surrounds fascicles

endomysium

Connective tissue surrounding a muscle fiber

Epimysium

surrounds entire muscle

Abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body

Adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body

Dorsiflexion

bending of the foot or the toes upward

biceps femoris

extends thigh and flexes leg

origin of muscle attachment

less movable muscle attachment

Insertion of muscle attachment

attachment to movable bone

Flexor

Decreases the angle of a joint

plantar flexion

pointing toes