APUSH Unit 2

John Cabot

Explorer sailing for England who explored coasts of North America to layout early groundwork for the British’s claim for land

Act of Toleration

The first colonial statue granting religious freedom to all Christians, but also called for death to anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus

Roger Williams

Known as the founder of Rhode Island, who started one of the first Baptist Churches in America. Had conflict with other puritan leaders over his beliefs that people’s conscience was beyond control

Anne Hutchinson

Influential puritan who questioned the legibility of other puritan leaders; harvesting the idea that if individuals can receive salvation through their faith alone, they don’t have to follow traditional moral laws

Halfway Covenant

Allowance for puritans to be considered partial members of the church without hardcore appearance of being fully puritan

Quakers

Christians within a group of people who called themselves the Religious Society of Friends

William Penn

English Quaker who founded the colony of Pennsylvania in 1681, and started the Holy Experiment

Holy Experiment

William Penn’s founding of Pennsylvania as a colony based on Quaker principles of religious tolerance, peace, and providing factors for a haven for everyone (including natives)

Charter of Liberties 1701

A written constitution that guaranteed freedom of worship for all and unrestricted immigration

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, founded by the Virginia Company in 1607 as a joint stock company

Captain John Smith

Through his leadership, he helped Jamestown survive ti first 5 years with a rocky start

John Rolfe

English settler that helped with the cultivation of the first profitable tobacco crop in Jamestown

Plymouth Colony

The landing sight of the 1620 Mayflower, and the home of the pilgrim’s settlement

Separatists

Wanted to organize a completely separate church that was independent of royal control

Pilgrims

Travelers from England seeking religious freedom

Mayflower

A ship from England heading towards Virginia with a group of pilgrims and other passengers seeking economic gain

Massachusetts Bay Colony

An English Puritan settlement in North America, founded in 1629 by the Massachusetts Bay Company and led by John Winthrop

Puritans

A group of English Protestants who sought to “purify” the church of England and it s Catholic traditions

John Winthrop

Puritan leader that led a thousand puritans from England to Massachusetts, and founded Boston

Great Migration

Beginning with 700 people led by Governor John Winthrop, a great migration of Puritans from England brought over 20,000 people - mostly families - to New England over a ten-year period.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

First written constitution in American history, written and drew up by the Hartford Settlers

Virginia House of Burgesses

In 1691, Virginia colonists organized the first representative assembly in America, which was dominated by elite planters

Mayflower Compact

An early form of self-government and a rudimentary written constitution that the pilgrims drew up and signed a document in which they pledged to make decisions by the will of the majority

Corporate Colonies

These colonies were operated by joint-stock companies, during the early years of the colonies development (Ex: Jamestown)

Royal Colonies

These colonies were to be under the direct authority and rule of the King’s Gov, like Virginia after 1624

Proprietary Colonies

These colonies were under the authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the King (Maryland and Pennsylvania)

Virginia Company

A joint-stock company chartered King James I, that founded the first permanent English colony in America at Jamestown, in 1607

Chesapeake Colonies

Colonies of Virginia and Maryland

Trigangular Trade

Followed a triangular/three-stop route that connected North America, Africa, and Europe. Used to trade things like rum, slaves, and sugar

Mercantilism

Strict enforcemnet of trade regulations, economic theory that a country’s wealth was determind by how much more it exported than imported. USed to enrich the parenet country by maxing exports and minimizing imports

Navigation Acts

Established three rules for colonial trade:

• Trade to and from colonies could only be carried by English or colonial built ships, operated by English or colonial crews

• All goods imported into colonies, excluding some perishables, had to pass through ports in England

• Specified/Enumerated goods from colonies could be exported to England only. Started with just tobacco, but the list grew overtime

Dominion of New England

When James II took throne, he was determined to increase control over colonies by combining them. (Combined New York, New Jersey, and the other various New England Colonies into this Dominion)

King Philip’s War (Metacom’s War)

Conflict between Native American Tribes led by Metacom/King Philip (same person) and the New England colonies due to overlapping conflicts (land, resources, culture) which led to death of many natives and King Philip

Sir William Berkeley

Royal governor of Virginia, used dictatorial powers to govern on behalf of the large plantations/planters

Bacon’s Rebellion

Armed uprising in 1676 in Virginia, led by Nathaniel Bacon against Governor William Berkeley’s administration. Bacon gathered farmers who started rebellion against Natives in the Chesapeake area.

New England Confederation

In 1643, 4 New England colonies (Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, and New Haven) organized for mutual protection and military alliance

Indentured Servants

Servants under contract with a master/landowner who paid for their passage, that would agree to work for 4-7 years, afterwards gaining freedom, in exchange for room and boards

Headright System

Virginia’s attempt to attract immigrants by offering 50 acres of land to anyone who paid for an immigrants passage (mainly plantation owners) or immigrants who paid for their own passage.

Middle Passage

The brutal, forced sea journey of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas, part of the Triangular Trade, characterized by unimaginable suffering, disease, death, and inhumane conditions in overcrowded ships

Great Awakening

A religious matter that swept through the American colonies in the 18th century, emphasizing personal faith and emotional connection to religion (simplification, less strict regulations)

Sectarian

Promoting a single religion within a certain area, religious groups with strong beliefs and a narrow mindset

Subsistence Farming

The practice of growing just enough food and crops for the farmer’s family and their household, leaving little or no surplus for trade or sale

Hereditary Aristocracy

System where wealthy, elite class or ruling family holds political and social power, which is passed down through generations rather than being earned

John Peter Zenger

A 1753 New York printer who was accused of criticizing New York’s corrupt royal governor

Enlightenment

European movement in literature and philosophy which challenged traditional authority, especially in the government and religion

Town Meetings

Purposeful meetings in colonial days to debut ideas and reach a common consensus to avoid conflict and finalize choices