peych 213 exam 1

child study movement

Organized effort around the turn of the 20th c. that advocated scientific research on child and adolescent development and the improvement of conditions for children and adolescents in the family, school, and workplace

Individualism

Cultural values such as independence and self expression

Collectivism

Cultural values such as obedience and group harmony

Psychosexual theory

Freud’s theory proposing that sexual desire is the driving force behind psychological development

Stanley Hall

Leader of the child study movement. Advocated scientific research on child & adolescent development and the improvement of conditions in the workplace, family, and school

Ethnocentrism

Way of thinking about the world that centers on one’s own culture

Anna Freud

Advocated for hall’s theory that it’s natural for adolescents to go through emotional upheaval. Their mindset was, absence of emotional turmoil = psychological problems

Erik Erikson

Proposed a lifespan theory of development and singled out adolescence as the key period for establishing one’s identity

Emerging adulthood

New life stage in developed countries, lasting from the late teens through the mid-20s, in which people are gradually making their way toward taking on adult responsibilities in love and work

Prenatal development

From conception until birth

Infancy

Birth to age 12 months

Toddlerhood

Ages 12-36 months

Early childhood

Ages 3-6 years

Middle childhood

Ages 6-9 years

Early adolescence

Ages 10-14 years

Late adolescence

Ages 15-18 years

Emerging adulthood

Ages 18-25 years

Cultural-developmental model

The study of development within and across cultures in order to understand both what is universal and what is culturally distinctive

Naturalistic observations

Observations take place in their natural environment

Structured observations

Observations taking place in a laboratory setting

Biological measurements

Measures genetic, hormonal, and brain activity

Electroencephalogram

Measure of the electrical activity of the cerebral cortex and its specific parts

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Method that uses a magnetic field to record changes in blood flow and oxygen use in the brain in response to different kinds of stimulation

Ecological validity

The extent to which there is a fit between measurement approach and the everyday life of the people being studied

experimental design

A research design that entails comparing an experimental group that receives a treatment of some kind to a control group that receives no treatment

Interventions

Programs intended to change the attitudes and/or behavior of the participants

Natural experiment

A situation that occurs naturally but that provides interesting scientific information to the perceptive observer

Ethnographic research

Research design that involves spending extensive time among the people being studied

Case study

The detailed examinations of a particular person, group, or situation over time

Correlational design

Data collected on naturally occurring variables with the goal of finding out whether one variable predicts the other

Cross-sectional design

The most common developmental research design. Data with people of different ages are collected at a single point in time

Longitudinal design

The same persons are followed over time and data are collected on two or more occasions.

Nomothetic

Research aimed at providing universal knowledge

Idiographic

Research aimed at providing knowledge of individual development

Sociocultural

Research aimed at providing knowledge of a particular cultural and social groups

Psychosocial theory

Erikson’s theory that human development is driven by the need to become integrated into the social and cultural environment

Mental structure

a way of thinking within a stage of development that is applied across all aspects of life

Cognitive-developmental theories

Focus on how development takes place in a sequence of distinct stages. Pioneered by Piaget and subsequently adopted by researchers addressing other areas of development

Maturation

Concept that an innate, biologically based program is the driving force behind development

Schemes

Cognitive structure for processing, organizing, and interpreting information

Behaviorism

A theory that regards infants as starting out from scratch and learning behaviors based on the responses or “conditioning” of those around them

Behavior genetics

Field in the study of human development that aims to identify the extent to which genes influence behavior, primarily by comparing persons who share different amounts of their genes

Ecological theory

Brofenbrenner’s theory that human development is shaped by five interrelated systems in the social environment

Developmental systems theories

Address how individual development involves interactions between biology and diverse social contexts

Cultural theories

Theories that emphasize that culture shapes physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development

Diffusion

The spread of products or people across space

Digital natives

Today’s generation of children who have grown up with digital media since infancy

Digital immigrants

Persons belonging to generations who have only used digital media upon reaching adulthood

Sensitive period

In the course of development, a period when the capacity for learning in a specific area is especially pronounced

Reciprocal or bidirectional effects

In relations between two persons, the principle that each of them affects the other

Chromosome

Structure that contains the genes, which are paired

DNA

long strand of cell material that stores and transfers genetic information in all life forms

Gene

Segment of DNA containing coded instructions for the growth and functioning of the organism

Genome

Entire store of an organism’s hereditary information

Genotype

Entire store of an organism’s hereditary information

Phenotype

Organism’s actual characteristics, derived from its genotype

Dominant-recessive inheritance

Pattern of inheritance in which a pair of chromosomes contains one dominant gene and one recessive gene is expressed in the phenotype

Allele

On a pair of chromosomes, each of two forms of a gene

Incomplete dominance

Form of dominant-recessive inheritance in which the phenotype is influenced primarily by the dominant gene but also to some extent by the recessive gene

Monozygotic twins

Twins who have exactly the same genotype; also called identical twins

Dizygotic twins

Twins that result when two ova are released by a female instead of one and both are fertilized by sperm; also called fraternal twins

ovum

mature egg that develops in ovaries

Mitosis

Process of cell replication in which the chromosomes duplicate themselves and the cell divides into two cells each with the same number of chromosomes as the original cell

Gametes

Cells distinctive to each sex that are involved in reproduction

Meiosis

Process by which committees are separated, through separation and duplication of chromosome pairs, ending in four new from the original cell each with half the number of chromosomes of the original cell

Cytoplasm

In an oval fluid that provides nutrients for the first two weeks of growth, if the oval is fertilized, until it reaches the uterus and begins to draw nutrients from the mother

Follicle

During the female reproductive cycle, the ovum plus other cells that surrounds the ovum and provide nutrients

Zygote

Following fertilization, the new cell forms of the union of sperm and ovum

Germinal period

The first two weeks after conception where the zygote divides and forms the blastocyst. Includes fertilization, implantation, start of placenta

Blastocyst

A ball of cells forms after conception, which implants in the uterus and begins forming the amnion, placenta, and umbilical cord

Amnion

Fluid filled membrane that surrounds and protects the developing organism in the womb

Placenta

The organ that allows oxygen, nutrients, and transmission waste

Umbilical cord

Structure connecting the placenta to the mother’s uterus; connects embryo to placenta

Yolk sac

Produces blood cells until embryo’s organs are formed

Gestation

Elapsed time since conception

Embryonic period

Week 3 to 8 of prenatal development during which nearly all major organ systems are formed

Neural tube

Eventually becomes the spinal cord and brain. Produced neurons

Neural tube

In the embryonic period, the part of the ectoderm that will become the spinal cord and brain

Neurogenesis

The production of neurons

Fetal period

Period from week 9 until birth. This stage consists of major physical growth, and refinement of all organ systems

Vernix

At birth babies are covered with this oily cheesy substance, which protects their skin from chapping in the womb

Midwife

Person that assists in pregnant women’s prenatal care and the birth process

Teratogen

A behavior, environment, or bodily condition that can have a damaging influence on prenatal development

Critical period

A period where teratogens can have a profound and enduring effect on later development. The embryonic period

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

Set of problems that occurs as a consequence of high maternal alcohol use during pregnancy, including facial deformities, heart problems, miss shape, and limbs, and a variety of cognitive problems

Organogenesis

Cells specialize to form the foundations of all body organs by the end of week eight

Cephalocaudal development

Baby grows from head to tail

Proximaldistal development

Baby develops from center to extremities

Down syndrome

Genetic disorder due to carrying an extra chromosome on the 21st pair

Multi factorial disorders

Involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Recent research has suggested that paternal age is linked

Ultrasound

Machine that uses sound waves to produce images of fetus in pregnancy

Maternal blood screening

Test for a variety of risk factors, including spina bifida, and down syndrome, by examining proteins, hormones, and genetic fragments of DNA from the fetus

Amniocentesis

Prenatal procedure in which a needle is used to withdraw amniotic fluid containing fetal cells from the placenta, allowing possible prenatal problems to be detected

Chorionic villus sampling

Prenatal technique for diagnosing, genetic problems, involving taking a sample of cells at 5 to 10 weeks of gestation by inserting a tube into the uterus

Assisted reproductive technologies (ART)

Methods for overcoming infertility that include intrauterine insemination, fertility drugs, and IVF

Intrauterine insemination (IUI)

Process of injecting sperm directly into the uterus

In vitro fertilization

Form of infertility treatment that involves using drugs to stimulate the growth of multiple follicles in the ovaries, removing the over and combining them with the sperm, and then transferring the most promising zygote to the uterus

Oxytocin

Hormone released by pituitary gland that causes labor to begin

Labor

First stage of the birth process, in which the cervix dilate in the muscles of the uterus contract to push the fetus into the vagina towards the cervix

Delivery

Second stage of the birth process during which the fetus is pushed out of the cervix through the birth canal