distillation

how cam water be made pure?

water is made pure by distillation, which separates it from dissolved solids

what happens when mineral water evaporates?

only the water turns to gas, leaving the solid minerals behind because they have much higher boiling points

what is distillation?

distillation is the process of evaporation followed by condensation to obtain pure liquid water

what is the name of the apparatus used for distillation?

the apparatus used for distillation is called a still

how does a simple distillation work?

water is heated in a conical flask, and the water vapour travels along a delivery tube, where it condenses

why is the simple distillation method inefficient?

much of the vapour is lose before it can be condensed

how does a fractional distillation still improve efficiency?

a condenser keeps the central tube cool, ensuring that almost all vapour condenses into liquid

what is the role of a condenser in fractional distillation?

the condenser cools the central tube, helping water vapour condense efficiently into liquid

what are anti-bumping granules used for in distillation?

they help the liquid boil smoothly and reduce the risk of boiling over

what is fractional distillation used for?

fractional distillation is used to separate two or more liquids based on their different boiling points.

what is collected in the first fraction during fractional distillation?

the first fraction contains the liquid with the lowest boiling point

can the fractions in fractional distillation be pure liquids?

the fractions could be pure liquids, or they may still be mixtures

what are some uses of fractional distillation?

• separate products in crude oil

• make alcoholic drinks like whisky or vodka

what is the role of the column in a fractional distillation still?

the column is fixed above the distillation flask, allowing the hot vapour to rise up and separate into fractions

what happens to the vapour in the fractional distilation still when it rises in the column?

at first, the vapour condenses when it hits the cool glass of the column and drips back down into the flask

what causes the temperature gradient in the fractional distillation column?

the temperature is hottest at the bottom of the column and gradually drops as you go further up

which fraction reaches the top of the column first in fractional distillation?

the fraction with the lowest boiling point will reach the top of the column first

what happens after the vapour reaches the top of the column in fractional distillation?

the vapour passes into the condenser, where it condenses back into liquid form