AP Bio - Heredity

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43 Terms

1

trait

genetically determined variant of a characteristic

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2

P generation

parental generation, the first two individuals that mate in a genetic cross

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3

law of segregation

first law of heredity stating that pairs of alleles for a trait separate when gametes are formed

<p>first law of heredity stating that pairs of alleles for a trait separate when gametes are formed</p>
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4

monohybrid cross

a cross between individuals that involves one pair of contrasting traits

<p>a cross between individuals that involves one pair of contrasting traits</p>
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5

dihybrid cross

a cross between individuals that have different alleles for the same gene

<p>a cross between individuals that have different alleles for the same gene</p>
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6

multiplication rule

The rule that states that to determine the probability, we multiply the probability of one event by the probability of another

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7

addition rule

the probability that any one of two or more mutually exclusive events will occur is calculated by adding together their individual probabilities

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8

codominance

a condition in which both alleles for a gene are fully expressed

<p>a condition in which both alleles for a gene are fully expressed</p>
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9

pleiotropy

A single gene having multiple effects on an individuals phenotype

<p>A single gene having multiple effects on an individuals phenotype</p>
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10

crossing over

Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis.

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11

sex-linked dominant (pedigree)

more males than females affected. trait appears in every generation

<p>more males than females affected. trait appears in every generation</p>
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12

barr bod

A dense body formed from a deactivated X chromosome.

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13

non-nuclear inheritance

mitochondrial inheritance ( it is in the egg as well)
- chlorplasts contain DNA, in one circular double stranded molecule
- DNA apart from that found in the nucleus [e.g. mitochondria or chloroplasts] that is passed on to the next generation

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14

phenotypic plasticity

the ability of an organism to change its phenotype in response to changes in the environment.

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15

oogenesis

Egg production
- 1 egg
- other three cells are polar bodies, getting a tiny amt of cytoplasm and eventually degenerate
- wants to conserve as much cytoplasm as possible for the surviving gamete, the ovum

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16

translocation

- happens when recombination occurs incorrectly
Change to a chromosome in which a fragment of one chromosome attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome.

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17

F1 generation

the first generation of offspring obtained from an experimental cross of two organisms

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18

F2 generation

the second generation of offspring, obtained from an experimental cross of two organisms; the offspring of the F1 generation

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19

alleles

different forms of a gene

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20

dominant

observed trait of an organism that masks the recessive form of a trait

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21

recessive

The inherited characteristic often masked by the dominant characteristic and not seen in an organism.

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22

Punnett square

A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross

<p>A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross</p>
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23

homozygous

having two identical alleles for a trait

<p>having two identical alleles for a trait</p>
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24

heterozygous

having two different alleles for a trait

<p>having two different alleles for a trait</p>
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25

genotype

the particular alleles at specified loci present in an organism

<p>the particular alleles at specified loci present in an organism</p>
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26

phenotype

physical characteristics of an organism

<p>physical characteristics of an organism</p>
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27

independent assortment

genes separate independently of one another in meiosis

<p>genes separate independently of one another in meiosis</p>
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28

complete dominance

a relationship in which one allele is completely dominant over another

<p>a relationship in which one allele is completely dominant over another</p>
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29

incomplete dominance

creates a blended phenotype; one allele is not completely dominant over the other

<p>creates a blended phenotype; one allele is not completely dominant over the other</p>
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30

epistasis

the suppression of a gene by the effect of an unrelated gene

<p>the suppression of a gene by the effect of an unrelated gene</p>
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31

polygenic inheritance

An additive effect of two or more gene loci on a single phenotypic character.

<p>An additive effect of two or more gene loci on a single phenotypic character.</p>
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32

pedigree

a diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family

<p>a diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family</p>
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33

carriers

individuals who have one copy of a recessive autosomal allele

<p>individuals who have one copy of a recessive autosomal allele</p>
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34

Chi-square test

a statistical test used to determine the probability of obtaining observed proportions by chance, under a specific hypothesis

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35

Gene

A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait

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36

Allele

An alternative form of a gene.

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37

Mitochondrial inheritance

Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only

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38

autosomal dominant (pedigree)

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39

autosomal recessive (pedigree)

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40

Mitochondrial inheritance (pedigree)

Transmitted only be females
ALL of females offsprings show sings of disease

<p>Transmitted only be females <br>ALL of females offsprings show sings of disease</p>
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41

sex-linked recessive (pedigree)

Can skip generation, males more affected

<p>Can skip generation, males more affected</p>
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42

gametogenesis

production of gametes

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43

spermatogenesis

Formation of sperm - four sperm cells produced for each diploid cell

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