S1 American History vocab terms

Scopes Trial

1925 trial of a Tennessee school teacher for breaking a law that forbade teaching Darwins theory of evolution

Clarence Darrow

(1857-1938) a lawyer whose work as a defense council in many trials secured his place in legal history. He is best known for his defnse of John scopes in 1925

William Jennings Bryan

(1860-1925) was a democratic and populist leader who ran unsuccessfully 3 times for the US presidency. During his career as a lawyer, politician, and speaker he fought for reforms SUCH AS INCOME TAX, PROHIBITION AND WOMANS SUFFRAGE

red scare

Fear that communists were working to distroy the Americans way of life

Palmer raids

The series of __ in the early 1920s initiated by attorney general A. Mitchell Palmer, against suspected radicals and communists

Sacco (1891-1927) and Vanzetti (1888-1927)

Italian immigrants convicted of murder then excecuted in 1927

Eugenics

the idea that the human race can be improved by controlling which people have children

quota system

arrangement that limited the number of immigrants who could either enter the United States from specific countries

KKK

Secret society formed n the south with the intention of promoting white supremacy and denying African Americans the exercise of their new rights

prohibition

18th amendment forbidding by law of the manufacture, transport, and sale of alcohol

18th amendment

Banned the manufacture, distribution and sale of alcohol in the United States but the consuming of alcohol is okay

volstead act

Law enacted by congress to enforce the 18th amendment

bootlegger

People who selled the illegal

New immagrants

Southern and Eastern European immigrants who arrived in the United States in a great wave between 1880 and 1920

steerage

third class accommodations on a steamship

ellis island

island in New York harbor that served as an immigration station for millions of immigrants arriving in the united states

Angel island

immigrant processing station that opened in San Francisco Bay in 1910

americanization

belief that assimilating immigrants into American society would make them more loyal citizens

“Melting pot”

society in which people of different nationalities assimilate to form one culture

nativism

inclination to favor native inhabitants as opposed to immigrants

Chinese exclusion act

1882 law that prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers

Civil rights act of 1875

A law that banned discrimination in public facilities and transportation

Rutherford B Hayes

was the 19th president of the united states his election in 1876 was disputed and his victory was secured by a congressional commission and the compromise of 1877 Hayes oversaw the withdraw of the remaining federal troops from the south signaling the end of reconstruction

Compromise of 1877

An agreement by when Rutherford b Hayes won the 1876 presidential election and in exchange agreed to remove all remaining federal troops from the south

Jim Crow laws

State laws passed throughout the south to enforce racial segregation of public facilities

Poll tax

A tax changes on voters

Grandfather clause

A law to disqualify African American voters by allowing the vote only to men whose fathers and grandfathers had voted before 1866 aor 1867

Booker t Washington

Was born into slavery and grew up in poverty following emancipation in 1881 Washington was chosen to head the Tuskegee normal and industrial institution where he promoted vocational education for African American students. He encourages African American citizens to accept segregation and to instead focus on improving themselves through education and economic opportunities

WEB DuBois

Wan an American educator reformer and champion of civil rights he is best known for for his book The Souls of Black Folk in which he cites the more accommodating approach of Boomer T. Washington and advocates for full civil rights for African Americans. Du Bois went on to help found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Ida B. Wells

An African American journalist who worked throughout her life to end the practice of lunching in the south. She contributed to several newspapers including the Memphis Free Speech, the New York Age and the Chicago Conservator. In 1895 she published a detailed inquiry into lynching entitles a Red Record.

Seneca falls convention (1848)

It was the first national demand for woman’s right to vote

Great migration

Between 1910 and 1930 6 million blacks moved out of the south because they found education and employment opportunities that did not exist in the south

Convoy

Group of merchant ships sailing together protected by warships

John Pershing

Commanded the American expeditionary forces in Europe during world war 1. Earlier he has served in the Philippines and in Mexico. After world war 1 he served as chief of the us army

American expeditionary force

American forces in Europe during WW1

Fourteen points

List of terms for resolving world war 1 and further was outlined by American president woodrow Wilson

Self determination

The right of people to choose their own form of government

League of Nations

World organization established after WW1 to promote peaceful cooperation among countries

Henry Cabot lodge

Was a leading republican senator who led the successful fight to keep the US from joining the League of Nations after WW1. Before becoming senator he has served in the house. Earlier he worked as a magazine editor and historian

Reparations

Payment for war damages

Influenza

Flu disease

Groups that competed for power once Queen Lili’uokalani of Hawaii rose to power

Sugar growers and American government

Alsace-Lorraine

Territory lost to Germany by France in 1817

Militarism

Glorification of the military

Frank Ferdinand

An archduke and heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary. His assassination in Sarajevo was an immediate cause of WW1

Western front

Battle front between the allies and central powers in Western Europe during WW1

Contraband

Goods prohibited by law or treaty from being imported or exported

U-boat

German submarine

Lusitania

British passenger liner sunk by a German u-boat during WW1

Zimmerman note

Telegram written by German Foreign Minister Zimmerman proposing an alliance between Germany and Mexico against the United States during WW1

William Randolph Hearst

An American newspaper publisher who created the nations largest newspaper chain. Hearst along with Joseph Pulitzer, helped popularize investigative reporting and sensationalist journalism

Yellow press

Newspapers that used sensational headlines and exaggerated stories in order to promote readership

Jingoism

Aggressive nationalism: support for warlike foreign policy

George dewey

Wan an American naval officer who commanded the us fleet that redacted the Spanish at the battle of mania bay during the Spanish American war. In 1899 congress promoted Dewey to the rank of admiral of the navy. The highest rank ever held by a US naval officer.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the Filipino forces that fought for independence against Spain in the 1890s disillusioned with the US presence in the Philippines following the war, Aguinaldo helped organize an insurrection against US rule. He was captured by US forces in 1901 effectively ending the Filipinos fight for independence.

rough riders

Group of men consisting of rugged westerners and upper class easterners who fought during the Spanish American war

Treaty of Paris

Signed September 3, 1783 that needed the American revolution war and 7 year war. Recognized the US as a free/independent nation.

Guerrilla warfare

Nontraditional combat methods

Federal reserve act

Law created the federal reserve banking system which controlled the money supply

Regulated banks to make them be more responsible with the people money

It brought stability and order to the financial system

16th amendment

Made a federal income tax the largest source of federal revenue

17th amendment

Created the direct election of us senators

Initiative

Gave citizens the power to propose a law and with enough signatures on a petition to have that law appear on the ballot for voters to decide in the next election

Referendum

Gave citizens the power to vote whether to approve or reject a law, after getting enough signatures on a petition

Recall

Gave citizens the power to vote to approve or reject an elected official after getting enough signatures on a petition

Muckraker

A writer who dramatized the need for reform through sensational investigative reports that uncovered a variety of ills afflicting America

Upton Sinclair

American muckraker writer and journalist who wrote the jungle after investigating the conditions in the meat packing plants in Chicago

Meat Inspection Act (1906)

Law ensuring that meat is processed in sanitary conditions and that which is branded for human consumption is not altered

Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

Law preventing the manufacture, sale, or transportation of misbranded or poisonous foods and drugs

Theodore Roosevelt

Was governor of NY before becoming president in 1901. __ became the youngest man to assume the presidency soon after. He was known for his anti-monopoly and conversation policies. He made an unsuccessful bid for another term in 1912 as the candidate of the progressive party.

John muir

Emigrated from Scotland in 1899. In 1876 he urges the federal government to adopt a forest conversation policy and was later instrumental in the establishment of Yosemite and soqua national park found sierra club in 1892 the leading conversationalist organization.

Progressive party

Political party that emerged from the Taft Roosevelt battle that split the Republican Party in 1912

Monetary policy

Control of the money supply by a central authority including influencing interest rates to promote economic growth and stability

Federal reserve act

1913 law that placed national banks under the control of a federal reserve board which operated regional banks that hold the reserve fund from commercial banks, sets interest rates and supervises commercial banks

Clayton antitrust act

1914 law that strengthened the Sherman antitrust act.

Progressive

Movement that responded to the pressures of industrialization and urbanization by promoting reforms

Jacob Riis

Danish immigrant who became NYC newspaper in 1873. In 1888, as the crime reporter for the NY evening sun. He took photos of might life in the skims. Published in his 1890 book, how the other half lives. The photos moved NY police commissioner Theodore Roosevelt to take il the cuas elf urban reform

Social gospel

Reform movement that emerged in the late 19th century that sought to improve society by applying Christian principles

Settlement house

Community center organized at the turn of 20th century to provide social services to the urban poor.

Jane Addams

Cofounder the hull house; settlement house in Chicago in 1889. She lived and worked out of Hull House for the rest of her life. A pacifist and determined advocate for woman’s suffrage. Addams wrote many books and lectured widely. In 1932 she shared the Nobel peace prize.

Direct primary

Election in which citizens themselves vote to select no monies for upcoming events

Initiative

Process in which citizens put a proposed new law directly on the ballot.

Referendum

Process that allows citizens to approve or reject a law passed by a legislature

Recall

Process by which voters can remove elected officials from office before their term ends

Sweatshops

Small factories where employees have to work long hours under poor conditions for little pay

Company towns

Communities in which residents rely upon one company for jobs, housing, and buying goods

Collective bargaining

Process in which employers negotiate with labor unions about hours, wages, and other working conditions

Socialism

System or theory under which the means of production are publically controlled and regulated rather than owned by individuals

Haymarket Riot

1886 labor related protest in Chicago which ended in deadly violence

Homestead strike

1892 strike against carnegies steelworks in homestead, Pennsylvania

Pullman Strike

Violent 1894 railway workers strike which began outside of Chicago and spread nationwide

Corporation

Company recognized as a legal unit that has rights and liabilities separate from each of its members

Monopoly

Exclusive control by one company over an entire industry

John Rockefeller

Was an American industrialist and philanthropist. He began the standard oil company and dominated the oil industry with innovative aggressive business practices, he also contributed money to different causes through the __ foundation.

Horizontal integration

System of consolidating many firms in the same business

Trust

Group of separate companies that are placed under the control of a single managing board in order to form a monopoly

Andrew Carnegie

He was an American industrialist and philanthropist who began __ steel, a corporation that dominated the American steel industry. He created charitable trust foundations and provided money for cultural and educational institutions

Vertical integration

System of consolidating farms involved in all steps of a products manufacture

Sherman antitrust act

1890 law banning any trust that restrained interstate trade or commerce

Entrepreneurs

People who build and manage businesses or enterprises in order to make profit, often risking their own money or livelihoods

Laissez Faire

The absence of government control over personal and economic life