Terms for PSYCH FINAL EXAM

aphasia

loss of language ability

apraxia

loss of purposeful movement

agnosia

loss of sensory ability to recognize objects

agraphia

diminished ability to read or write

confabulation

creation of stories or answers in place of actual memories to maintain self-esteem

perseveration

persistent repetition of words, phases or gestures

sundowning

mood deterioration and increase in agitation later in the day or at night

Associative looseness (loose association)

shift of ideas from one unrelated topic to another

word salad

most extreme form; jumble of words meaningless to a listener

clang associations

words chosen based on sound

neologisms

made-up words that have meaning only to the person who invents them

Echolalia

automatic and immediate repetition of what others say

circumstantial speech

including unnecessary and often tedious details in conversation but eventually reaching the point

tangentiality

wandering off topic or going off on tangents and never reaching the point

cognitive retardation

Generalized slowing of thinking, which is represented by delays in responding to questions or difficulty finishing thoughts.

pressured speech

Urgent or intense and resists comments from others.

flight of ideas

moving rapidly from one thought to the next, making it difficult for others to follow the conversation

symbolic speech

using symbols instead of direct communication

circadian rhythms

fluctuation of physiological and behavioral patterns

- control secretions of hormones and neurotransmitters

core

regulates internal organs and vital functions

hypothalamus

basic drives and link between thought and emotion and function of internal organs

brainstem

processing center for sensory information

cerebellum

- regulates skeletal muscle

- maintains equilibrium

cerebrum

- mental activities

- conscious sense of being

- emotional status

- memory

- control os skeletal muscles: movement

- language and communication

structured imaging techniques

Computed tomography (CT)

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

- shows anatomical problems with the brain

functional imaging techniques

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

- shows physical changes

norepinenephrine

stress hormone- Fight or flight

serotonin

mood regulation, GI functioning, hunger, pain

dopamine

reward/pleasure

- mood energy, motivation, addictions

glutamate

excitatory- learning, memory, restlessness

GABA

reduces neuron activity, calming

neuropeptides

helps communication between neurons/receptors

acetylcholine

muscle strength, pain, sleep, endocrine

Antianxiety and Hypnotic Drugs

GABA

antidepressant drugs

norepinephrine and serotinin

cholinesterase inhibitors

acetylcholine

mood stabilizers

glutamate

antipsychotic drugs

dopamine and serotonin

acute phase

prevent injury

continuation phase

relapse prevention

maintenance phase

limit severity and duration of future episodes

primary prevention

teaching coping strategies and providing psychosocial support to at risk individuals

secondary prevention

early identification and screening

tertiary prevention

rehab and preservation of individual

Patricia Benner

"Caring as a foundation for nursing"

-Care and comforting interventions

-Nurse/patient relationship

Dorothea Orem

Goal of self care as integral to the practice of nursing

-Promoting self-care activities of the patient

infancy

trust vs mistrust

early childhood

autonomy vs shame and doubt

preschool

initiative vs guilt

school age

industry vs inferiority

adolescence

identity vs role confusion

early adulthood

intimacy vs isolation

middle adult

generativity vs stagnation

later years

integrity vs despair

Overt Statements in suicide

"I can't take it anymore."

"Life isn't worth living anymore."

"I wish I were dead."

"Everyone would be better off if I died."

covert statements

"It's okay now. Everything will be fine."

"I won't be a problem much longer."

"Nothing feels good and never will again."

"I want to give my body to medical science."

before schziophrenia

prodromal

- subtle symptoms can go unnoticed

phase 1 of schizophrenia

acute

- hallucinations, delusions

- loss of function

phase 2 of schizophrenia

stabilization

- symptoms are managed

- functioning is recovered

phase 3 of schizophrenia

maintenance

- functioning near baseline

- symptoms diminished or absent

hallucinations

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

delusions

false beliefs held by a person who refuses to accept evidence of their falseness

illusions

perceptions that misrepresent physical stimuli

resiliency

the ability to adapt effectively and recover from disappointment, difficulty, or crisis

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

not normally present in mentally healthy people

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

absence of healthy behaviors

delirium

mental disorder marked by confusion; uncontrolled excitement; ADJ. delirious

dementia

a slowly progressive decline in mental abilities, including memory, thinking, and judgment, that is often accompanied by personality changes

transference

the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships

Counter-transference

an emotional reaction of the therapist that reflects the therapist's inner needs and conflicts