biology midterms review

First thing you should do if you break glass

Always notify the teacher immediately and follow proper cleanup procedures when breaking glassware.

A subatomic particle with a negative charge.

electron

A type of bond that involves the complete transfer of electrons.

Ionic bond

Biomolecules that serve as the main energy source for cells.

carbohydrates

The monomer of proteins.

amino acid

What is NOT a function of an Enzyme

Glucose is NOT a function of enzymes.

What happens when a cell is put into a Hypotonic Solution

A cell placed in a hypotonic solution will swell or burst.

Primary function of a Cell Membrane

The primary function is to regulate/protects what enters and exits the cell.

The variable in a scientific experiment that responds to changes.

dependent variable

Covalent Bond

A chemical bond type that shares electrons equally.

Chemical Handling Safety

Always wear appropriate safety gear and follow guidelines when handling chemicals.

Nucleotide

The basic building block of nucleic acids.

Ribosome

The cell organelle responsible for protein synthesis.

Phospholipids

The type of biomolecule that forms the structure of the cell membrane.

Controlled Experiment

In a controlled experiment, all variables except the independent variable must remain constant.

Protective Equipment

Safety goggles and gloves should be used when handling corrosive chemicals.

Diffusion

The process that allows molecules to move from high to low concentration.

DNA Function

The primary function of DNA is to store and transmit genetic information.

Mitochondria

The cell organelle known as the 'powerhouse' of the cell.

Photosynthesis Purpose

The primary purpose of photosynthesis is to convert solar energy into chemical energy.

Chloroplast

The organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs.

Creation of Plants

Plants were created in the beginning according to Biblical text.

Chlorophyll

The most abundant pigment in plant cells.

Light-Dependent Reaction

Occurs in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.

Calvin Cycle Function

The primary function of the Calvin cycle is to synthesize glucose.

Photosynthesis Reactants

NADPH is NOT a reactant in photosynthesis.

Light Intensity

The factor that most directly affects the rate of photosynthesis.

ATP Purpose

The primary purpose of ATP is to provide energy for cellular processes.

Heterotroph Energy

Heterotrophs obtain energy by consuming other organisms.

Cristae

Folded inner membranes of mitochondria where ATP is produced.

Mitochondria Diagram

Mitochondria have a double membrane and are involved in cellular respiration.

Anaerobic Process

Glycolysis occurs without oxygen.

ATP Production in Glycolysis

Two ATP molecules are produced during glycolysis.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

The end product of lactic acid fermentation is lactic acid.

Cellular Respiration ATP

Aerobic respiration produces the most ATP.

Alcoholic Fermentation

Yeast performs alcoholic fermentation.

Cellular Respiration Equation

The balanced equation for cellular respiration is C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O.

Chloroplast Functions

The chloroplast houses both light-dependent and light-independent reactions.

Cell Cycle

The cell cycle includes phases of cell growth and division.

Cell Cycle Checkpoints

The three checkpoints in the cell cycle are G1, G2, and M phase.

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is programmed cell death.

Chromosome Structure

A chromosome consists of DNA coiled around proteins.

Mitosis Diagram

Mitosis consists of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

Cancer Causes

Cancer is caused by mutations in the DNA.

Cancer Treatments

Three treatments for cancer include chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery.

Cancer Risk Factors

Three risk factors for cancer include smoking, obesity, and family history.

Interphase Description

During interphase, the cell grows and duplicates its DNA.

Longest Cell Cycle Phase

The cell spends the most time in interphase.

Cyclins Role

Cyclins regulate the cell cycle.