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social psychology
how our environment influences us
mimicry
copying behaviours of other people
social norms
unwritten guidelines that dictate how we behave in certain situations
social loafing
when working in groups, people tend to put in less effort
social facilitation
the tendency for people to perform differently when in the presence of others compared to when alone, often leading to enhanced performance on simple tasks
yerkes-dodson law
a principle that suggests there is an optimal level of arousal for performance, indicating that too little or too much arousal can hinder performance
groupthink
when working in a group, people tend to come to problematic conclusions easily due to the desire for harmony or conformity within the group, often leading to poor decision-making
group polarization
the danger of intertwining identity with politics which can lead to more extreme positions and opinions as group members reinforce each other's views
conformity
changing one’s behaviour to fit in with others
normative influence
maintaining a private belief which goes against a group’s, but publicly conforming to fit in or avoid disapproval.
informational influence
becoming convinced that the group is correct and adjusting personal beliefs
ostracism
the exclusion from a group or society, often leading to feelings of isolation and distress
bystander effect
being surrounded by a group of people makes you less likely to help
diffusion of responsibility
the phenomenon where individuals in a group feel less personal responsibility to act, assuming others will take action
pluralistic ignorance
when feeling uncertain in a situation, people to conform to how other people react to the situation and follow it
social roles
roles (ie. jobs) that we find ourselves in which influence our behaviour and expectations
deindividuation
a psychological state characterized by a loss of self-awareness and individual accountability in certain situations, often leading to impulsive or deviant behavior
milgram’s obedience study
participants instructed by someone of authority to give increasing electric shocks to another participant
person perception
use of dual process model
dual process model
implicit and explicit processes
implicit processes
unconscious, quick/automatic, emotional thinking
explicit processes
conscious, slower and more deliberate, rational thinking.
self fulfilling prophecies
occurs when a belief or expectation about a person or event leads to behavior that causes the belief to come true.
false consensus effect
tendency to assume that the way we think is the same for others
naive realism
tendency to assume that our perception is right and if someone has a different view is wrong
better than average effect
the assumption that you are better at a certain skill than other people
dunning kruger effect
tendency for people who lack knowledge to overestimate their abilities
internal attribution
explaining a person’s behaviour as being caused by their personal characteristics or traits
external attribution
explaining a person’s behaviour as being caused by their environment
locus of control
the extent to which individuals believe they have control over events in their life
fundamental attribution error
the tendency to resort to internal attributions (behaviour/personality) when judging others
ingroup
group of people that we feel like we belong with
outgroup
people we feel that differ from us
ingroup bias
more likely to favour members of our ingroup over outgroup members.
stereotype
common beliefs that exist within society
prejudice
adopting stereotypes and creating your personal attitude toward a person
discrimination
changing your behaviour based on prejudice
mary whiton calkins
were denied of her PhD due to discrimination despite many teachers advocating for her
implicit association test
a psychological test that measures the strength of automatic associations between concepts (skin colour and a peace or negative term), often used to assess implicit biases.
reducing implicit bias
programming through practice, explicit training to unlearn adopted stereotypes
the contact hypothesis
in order to reduce bias, we must have regular contact with diverse sets of people who share common goals and equal power/status
implicit bias
the unconscious attitudes or stereotypes that affect understanding, actions, and decisions in an unconscious manner, often leading to discriminatory behavior.
explicit bias
the attitudes or beliefs that one is aware of and can consciously control, often leading to overt discrimination.
elaboration likelihood model
a dual-process model (both implicit and explicit processes) of how and when we can become persuaded or persuade somehow through central or peripheral routes, depending on motivation and ability.
central route
explicit processes, engaging with a person’s logic, leading to a permanent change in attitude
peripheral route
implicit processes, more effective when a person lacks motivation or takes longer to process an argument
construal level theory
central route, which explains how psychological/personal distance affects how connected to feel to something
the identifiable victim effect
the tendency to be more moved for action when hearing a personal story of suffering
the experiential system
operates implicitly, using emotional and intuitive processes to guide decision-making and behavior.
the analytic system
operates explicitly, acts slower and methodically, uses logical proesses
attitude inoculation
a strategy for strengthening an individual's existing attitudes by exposing them to weak counterarguments to become more resistant to persuasion.
damaging the central route
can be caused by messages being too complexed and overwhelming, leading to negative emotions and lack of ability to understand the argument being made
enhancing the peripheral route
use of authority presences, how much we like a person, social validation
halo effect
when we have a positive impression, easier to attribute positive attributes to them
reciprocity
enhancing the peripheral route, feeling the sense of obligation to others who have done us a favour in the past
door in face technique
a persuasion strategy where an initial large request is made knowing it will be refused, followed by a smaller, more reasonable request.
foot in the door technique
a persuasion strategy that involves making a small request first, which is likely to be accepted, followed by a larger request.
cognitive dissonance theory
the psychological discomfort experienced when there is strong inner tension and the want to resolve it
justification of effort
unconsciously trying to find internal justifications for actions and beliefs
