apush 6-7 chapters, unit 3 american pageant textbook

Acadians

• French settlers living in Nova Scotia (Acadia). 
• Expelled by the British in 1755 during the French and Indian War. 
• Many resettled in Louisiana, becoming the Cajuns.

French and Indian War

(1754–1763)

• North American conflict between Britain and France (and Native allies).  • Fought over control of the Ohio River Valley.  • Britain won but gained massive debt, leading to colonial taxes.

Seven Years’ War

(1756–1763)

• Global version of the French and Indian War.  • Fought in Europe, Asia, and North America.  • Britain emerged as the dominant world power; France lost most colonies.

Albany Congress

(1754)

• Meeting of colonial representatives and Iroquois leaders in Albany, NY.  • Proposed Benjamin Franklin’s “Join, or Die” plan for colonial unity and defense.  • First formal step toward intercolonial cooperation.

Regulars

• Professional, full-time British soldiers. 
• Often clashed with untrained colonial militia due to class and discipline differences.

Battle of Québec

(1759)

• Decisive British victory over the French on the Plains of Abraham.  • Marked the fall of French Canada and the turning point in the war.

Pontiac’s War

(1763)

• Native rebellion led by Chief Pontiac against British settlers in Great Lakes region.  • Caused by British refusal to trade fairly and encroachment on Native lands.

Proclamation of 1763

• Issued by King George III to prevent colonial expansion west of Appalachians. 
• Aimed to avoid Native conflicts, but angered colonists seeking new land.

Republicanism

• Idea that a just society depends on citizens’ civic virtue and selflessness. 
• Opposed monarchy and corruption; inspired the Founding Fathers.

Radical Whigs

• British political writers who warned about government corruption and tyranny. 
• Their ideas influenced American resistance to British control.

Mercantilism

•Economic theory that colonies exist to enrich the mother country. 
• Restricted colonial trade and manufacturing; led to resentment.

Sugar Act (1764)

-Tax on imported sugar and molasses from the West Indies. 
• First act designed to raise revenue for Britain, not regulate trade.

Quartering Act (1765)

• Required colonies to provide housing and supplies to British soldiers. 
• Viewed as an invasion of privacy and control.

Stamp Tax (1765)

• Direct tax on paper goods (newspapers, legal documents, etc.). 
• Sparked widespread protest and “no taxation without representation.”

Admiralty Courts

• British courts for trying smugglers without juries. 
• Colonists saw them as a violation of their rights as Englishmen.

Stamp Act Congress (1765)

• Representatives from 9 colonies met in NYC to protest the Stamp Act. 
• Petitioned the King and promoted colonial unity.

Nonimportation Agreements

• Boycotts of British goods as a form of economic protest. 
• United colonists across social classes and were highly effective.

Sons of Liberty

• Secret organization of radicals using protests and intimidation to oppose taxes. 
• Leaders included Samuel Adams and John Hancock.

Daughters of Liberty

• Women who supported boycotts by making homespun goods. 
• Symbolized women’s growing political involvement.

Declaratory Act (1766)

• Repealed the Stamp Act but asserted Parliament’s right to legislate for the colonies “in all cases whatsoever.”

Townshend Acts (1767)

• Taxes on imports like glass, paper, paint, and tea. 
• Funds used to pay royal officials, angering colonists.

Boston Massacre (1770)

• Clash between colonists and British soldiers; 5 colonists killed. 
• Used by patriots as propaganda against Britain.

Committees of Correspondence

• Local groups organized to share information and resistance ideas. 
• Helped unify colonies and spread revolutionary sentiment.

Boston Tea Party (1773)

• Colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped British tea into Boston Harbor. 
• Protest against the Tea Act and monopoly of the East India Company.

Intolerable Acts (1774)

• Series of punitive laws after the Tea Party. 
• Closed Boston Harbor and limited self-government. 
• Sparked outrage and unity among colonies.

Quebec Act (1774)

• Expanded Quebec’s territory and allowed Catholicism there. 
• Upset Protestant colonists and land speculators.

First Continental Congress (1774)

• Meeting of 12 colonies in Philadelphia to respond to the Intolerable Acts. 
• Drafted a petition to the king and organized boycotts.

The Association

• Continental Congress agreement to stop importing and exporting British goods. 
• Enforced by local committees.

Lexington and Concord (1775)

• First battles of the Revolutionary War. 
• “Shot heard ’round the world.” 
• British troops failed to seize colonial weapons.

Valley Forge (1777–1778)

• Harsh winter camp for Washington’s army in Pennsylvania. 
• Soldiers endured starvation and cold but emerged stronger.

Camp Followers

• Women who assisted the army with cooking, sewing, and nursing. 
• Demonstrated women’s support roles in the Revolution.

Second Continental Congress (1775)

• Managed the Revolutionary War effort and appointed George Washington as commander. 
• Moved toward declaring independence.

Battle of Bunker Hill (1775)

• Early battle showing colonial determination despite loss.  • Heavy British casualties boosted American morale.

Olive Branch Petition (1775)

• Final plea for peace sent to King George III. 
• Rejected, leading to open war.

Hessians

• German soldiers hired by Britain to fight in the colonies.  • Viewed by Americans as evidence of British cruelty.

Common Sense (1776)

• Pamphlet by Thomas Paine urging immediate independence. 
• Persuasive and widely read across the colonies.

Declaration of Independence (1776)

• Document written by Thomas Jefferson declaring separation from Britain. 
• Listed grievances and asserted natural rights.

Loyalists

• Colonists who remained loyal to Britain. 
• Often persecuted or forced to flee

Patriots

• Colonists who supported independence. 
• Made up the Continental Army and local militias.

Battle of Long Island (1776)

• Major American defeat early in the war. 
• Washington’s army narrowly escaped capture.

Battle of Trenton (1776)

• Washington’s surprise attack after crossing the Delaware River. 
• Captured Hessians and boosted morale.

Battle of Saratoga (1777)

• American victory in New York. 
• Convinced France to formally ally with the U.S.

Model Treaty (1776)

• Plan for foreign relations focused on trade, not military alliances. 
• Reflected republican ideals.

Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784)

• Treaty where Iroquois Confederacy ceded land to the U.S. 
• First treaty between the new nation and Native Americans.

Privateers

• Privately owned armed ships authorized to attack British ships. 
• Helped disrupt British trade.

Battle of Yorktown (1781)

• Final major battle of the war. 
• British General Cornwallis surrendered to Washington.

Treaty of Paris (1783)

• Officially ended the Revolutionary War. 
• Recognized U.S. independence and established borders to the Mississippi River.