I'm from Israel and this is my class

Iktinos,
Parthenon (looking Southeast),
Acropolis, Athens, Greece
447-438 BCE
*Honored Athena
*Early Classical

Plan of a typical Greek peripteral temple.
*derived from the Mycenean Megaron

480-400 BCE

EARLY/HIGH CLASSICAL
-Starts with ther Persian sack of Athenian Acropolis
-Dated so b/c of defeat of Persian invaders
-Sculptors introduce contrapposto in Greek statuary.
-Polykleitos formulates his canon of proportions
-Pericles rebuilds the Athenian Acropolis after the Persian sack.

"High city"

Acropolis

323-30 BCE

HELLENISTIC
-hellenistic kingdoms replace Athens as leading cultural centers.
-Architects break rules of Classical orders
-Inclusion of more emotion
-Begins with the DEATH of ALEXANDER the great
-Ends with the double suicide of CLEOPATRA and her Roman consort, Mark Antony.

400-323 BCE

LATE CLASSICAL
-After the Peloponesian War
-Praxiteles and other sculptors humanize the Greek gods and godesses.
-Corinthian capitals are introduced in Greek architecture.
-Alexander the Great ushers new artistic age

Female figure standing in for a column.

Caryatids

Elevations of the Doric and Ionic orders.

Euphronios,

Herakles wrestling Antaios,

from Cerveteri, Italy,

ca. 510 BCE

*Archaic

Chariot race of Pelops and Oinomaos, East Pediment,
Temple of Zeus, Olympia, Greece,
ca.470-456 BCE
Marble
*Early Classical

Kritios Boy,
from the Acropolis, Athens, Greece.
ca.480 BCE
Marble
*Early Classical
*No more archaic smile!
*First instance of CONTRAPPOSTO (COUNTER BALANCE)

Hollow-Casting life size bronze statues
*LOST WAX METHOD (Cire-Perdue)

Used due to:
-weight
-cost
-tendancy of bronze to distort during cooling process
(impracticle)

Zeus (or Poseidon?),
from the Sea off Cape Artemision, Greece
ca.460-450 BCE
Bronze
*Early/High Classical

Myron,
Diskobolos (Discus Thrower),
from the Esquiline hill, Rome, Italy.
Roman copy of a bronze statue,
ca. 450 BCE
Marble
*Early/High Classical
*Note the "intrusive tree trunk" that helped to bear weight

Polykleitos,
Doryphoros (Spear Bearer).
from the palaestra, Pompeii, Italy,
Roman copy of a bronze statue,
450-440 BCE
Marble
*Early/High Classical

The centerpiece of the Periclean building program on the Acropolis.
-Dedicated to Athena Parthenos
*had neither a priestess nor altar for worship
-STILL EXIST TODAY DUE TO USAGE (as a church, then a
mosque, etc...)
-Lord Elgin brought back survivng sculptures "Elgins marbles"
*Early/High Classical

Parthenon

Peripteral colonnade
-Made by Iktinos, assisted by Kallikrates
-Statue of Athena made by Phidias
-DORIC
-although inner frieze is IONIC
*Early/High Classical

Parthenon (Architecture)

Phidias,
Athena Parthenos,
in cella of the Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens, Greece
ca. 438 BCE,
38 feet tall,
Gold and Ivory
*Early/High Classical
*Holds Nike in her hand
*Symbolism of victory of Athens over Persia

Centauromachy,
metope from the South side of the Pathenon,
Acropolis, Athens, Greece,
ca.447-438 BCE
Marble
*Early/High Classical
*Allude to Greek defeat of Persians

Three Details of the Panathenaic Festival procession frieze,
from the Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens, Greece,
ca.447-438 BCE
Marble
TOP: Horsemen
CENTER: Poseidon, Apollo, Artemis, Aphrodite, and Eros
BOTTOM: Elders and maidens
*Early/High Classical
*Celebrated Athenian self-worth as much as Athena

Mnesikles
Propylaia (looking West),
Acropolis, Athens, Greece
437-432 BCE
*Early/High Classical
*built on a slope
*Acropolis b/c "Gates"
*resembles a DORIC temple facade
*inside, IONIC columns support the roof
*never completed b/c of the Peloponnesian War (431 BCE)
*Side wing imporant b/c housed a PINAKOTHEKE (picture gallery)

Erechtheion (looking Northeast),
Acropolis, Athens, Greece,
421-405 BCE
*Early/High Classical
*Meant to incorperate preexisting shrines.
*really awkward shape, but beautiful IONIC capitals, caryatids, and decoration in general.

Praxiteles,
Aphrodite of Knidos
Roman copy of a marble statue
ca. 350-340 BCE
*Classical
*Much more human
*Unprecedented nudity of a godess

Praxiteles(?),
Hermes and the infant Dionysos
from the Temple of Hera, Olympia, Greece
ca. 340 BCE
*Possibly by a son or grandson
*Classical
*Father-like. Unusual for a god to be seen in such a tender act.

Lysippos
Weary Herakles (Farnese Hercules)
Roman statue from the Baths of Caracella, Rome, Italy
ca. 320 BCE
Marble
*Late Classical
*Signed by Glycon of Athens
*Shows a hero so weary that he must rest on his club for support.

"Shadow painting"

Skiagraphia

Philoxenos of Eretria,
Battle of Issus,
ca. 310 BCE
From the House of the Faun, Pompeii, Itally
Late second or early first century BCE
Tessera Mosaic
*Classical
*Use of shadows and foreshortening.

Square glass or clay tiles used in mosaic.

Tessera

-more ornate than Ionic
-Four sides
-Invention of the second half of the 5th century BCE

Corinthian Column

Choragic Monument of Lysikrates,
Athens, Greece
334 BCE
*Late Classical
*First KNOWN USE of CORINTHIAN capitals.
*Used to commemorate victory his chorus won in a theatrical contest.
*once held a trophy (bronze tripod) likely associated with Apollo.

Paionios of Ephesos and Daphnis of Miletos,
aerial view of the Temple of Apollo,
Didyma, Turkey
ca.300 BCE
*Hellenistic
*construction lasted for more than 500 years

Paionios of Ephesos and Daphnis of Miletos,
Plan of the Temple of Apollo
Didyma, Turkey,
ca.300 BCE
*Hellenistic
*Hypaethral (Open to the sky).
*double peripteral colonnade framed shrine to a statue of Apollo.

Stoa of Attalos II
Agora, Athens, Greece,
ca. 150 BCE
*Hellenistic
*use of both Ionic (top) and Doric (bottom) orders.

Reconstructed West front of the Altar of Zeus
Pergamon, Turkey,
ca. 175 BCE
*Hellenistic
*Gigantomachy frieze
*battle of the gods and giants
*alludes to victory of King Attalos over the Gauls of Asia Minor.

Athena batteling Alkyoneos,
detail of the gigantomachy frieze,
Altar of Zeus, Pergamon, Turkey,
ca. 175 BCE
Marble
*Hellenistic
*More emotional than previously seen before

-Deep carving
-dark shadows

Baroque

Nike alighting on a warship (Nike of Samothrace)
from Samothrace, Greece
ca. 190 BCE
Marble
*Nike (victory) lands on the prow of a ship to crown the naval victor.
*Placement in fountain increaces effect.

Alexandros of Antioch-on-the-Meander,
Aphrodite (Venus de Milo)
from Melos, Greece
ca. 150-125 BCE
Marble
*Hellenistic
*Displays more erotisism than prevuous portrayals

Sleeping Satyr (Barberini Faun)
from Castel Sant'Angelo, Rome, Italy
ca. 230-200 BCE
*Hellenistic
*Suspension of consciousness, SLEEP, competely adverse from the disicpline of earlier classical work.
*Further exploration of sensuality of the nude body.

Seated Boxer
from the Baths of Constantine,
Quirinal hill, Rome, Italy,
ca. 100-50 BCE
Bronze
*Hellenistic
*Traditional theme (athlete) treated in a novel way

Athanadoros, Hagesandros, and Polydoros of Rhodes,
Laocoon and his sons,
from Rome, Italy,
Early first century CE
Marble
*Hellenistic style lived on in Rome
*Serpends attaking Lacoon and his two sons parallels the accound given in the Aeneid.

Model of a typical Etruscan temple,
as decribed by Virtuvius,
6th century BCE
*resembled Greek temples but widely spaced unfluted wood columns only in front.
*Narrow staircase in front of the facade.
*ARCHAIC ART (ca. 600-480 BCE)

Apulu (Apollo of Veii),
from the roof of the Portonaccio temple,
Veii, Italy,
ca. 510-500 BCE
Painted terracotta
*ARCHAIC ART

Capitoline Wolf,
from Rome, Italy,
ca. 500-480 BCE
Bronze
*Depicts Romulus and Remus (founders of Rome) nursing from a she-wolf.
*ARCHAIC ART

Temple of Portunus
Rome, Italy
ca. 75 BCE
*Republican-era temple
*combined Etruscan and Greek elevations.
*Pseudoperipetral temple
*Portunus=God of Harbors
MONARCHY AND REPUBLIC

Barrel Vault
-Roman concrete construction
-also called a Tunnel Vault
-extension of a simple arch

Fenestrated Sequence of Groin Vaults
-top acted as a clarestory

Hemispherical Dome with Oculus
-Concrete allowed for a window (eye/ oculus)

Imagines

-Portrait masks/ busts of ancestors.
-High class (Patrician)
-subjects usually older men
-made very realistic (VERISTIC)

Head of an Old Man
Italy
Mid 1st Century BCE
Marble
*Osimo head
*and Imagine
MONARCHY AND REPUBLIC

August 24, 79 CE

Mount Vesuvius erupts

FIRST STYLE

MONARCHY AND REPUBLIC
-aimed to imitate costly marble panels
-used painted stucco relief
-Greek origin
-4th century-80 BCE

First Style wall painting in the faces of the Samnite House
Herculaneum, Italy
Late 2nd century BCE

SECOND STYLE

MONARCHY AND REPUBLIC
-Wanted to dissolve the walls of a room.
-Used imagery of an imaginary 3D world.
-after 80-15 BCE
-Linear perspective!

Groin Vault
-also called a Cross Vault

Dionysiac mystery frieze, Second Style wall paintings in room 5 of the Villa of the Mysteries,
Pompeii, Italy,
ca. 60-50 BCE
Fresco
*Second style
*Figures are acting out the inititation rites of the Dionysiac mysteries.

ATMOSPHERIC PERSPECTIVE

The intentional blurring of the most distant forms to give an illusion of depth.

THIRD STYLE

MONARCHY AND REPUBLIC
-around 10 BCE
-decorated walls with linear fantasies
-monochromatic backgrounds
-reinforces the heavy walls with the painting.

FOURTH STYLE

EARLY EMPIRE
-around 50 CE
-similar to FIRST STYLE but views are "irrational fantasies"

Princeps

"First citizen"
-usually the ruler, occupied all key positions.

Portrait of Augustus as general,
Primaporta, Italy,
1st century CE
ca. 20 BCE
Marble
*Copy of a bronze original
*Idealized protrait (never aging god)
*Cupid represents linage back to Venus.
MONARCHY AND REPUBLIC

West facade of the Ara Pacis Augustae (Altar of the Augustan Peace),
Rome, Italy,
13-9 BCE
*Augustus wanted to show his achievements throughout his lifetime. Namely, the era of peace that he brought.
*Rae Gestae of Augustus (Memoir of sorts)
MONARCHY AND REPUBLIC

Vitruvius

-Augustan architect
-born around 70 BCE
-Wrote "De architectura" around 25-15 BCE
-His Ten books on Architechture became the handbook for classical architecture.

RUSTICATED

-"Rough" masonry style.
-Blocks look rough and aged.

-Build the "Golden House" for Nero
-Features 4th Style painting
-Octoganal hall
-Oculus (allowed light inside).

Aerial view of the Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheater, looking east),
Rome, Italy,
Concrete
ca. 70-80 BCE
*Space defined by angled piers.
*Vespasian made
EARLY EMPIRE

Facade of the Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheater; looking south),
Rome, Italy,
Concrete
ca. 70-80 BCE
*Mixed Roman and Greek columns (Tuscan on lowest, and Cortinthian on highest).
*Vespasian made
*Post and Lintel (ARCH)!
EARLY EMPIRE

TRIUMPHAL ARCH

-a freestanding arch
-commemorates events

East facade of the Arch of Titus,
Rome, Italy,
81 CE
*Composite capitals--combo of ionic and Corinthian
*Dedicated by Domitian to Titus
EARLY EMPIRE

Triumph of Titus, relief panel in the passageway of the Arch of Titus, Rome, Italy, 81 CE
Marble
*Shows "Victory" crowning Titus, and "Honor" and "Valor" in attencence.
*First instance of intermingle humans with gods.
EARLY EMPIRE

Column of Trajan (looking west),
Forum of Trajan, Rome, Italy, 112 CE
Apollodorus of Damascus
*spiral frieze tells story of the Dacian wars.
*Originally had nude statue of emperor at the top, no has Saint Peter (16th century) due to Christianity.
HIGH EMPIRE

COFFERS

-Sunken decorative panels

Restored cutaway view (left) and lateral section (right) of the Pantheon,
Rome, Italy,
118-125 CE
*original appreach to Hadrian's "Temple of all gods" was a columnar courtyard.
*Drew from Roman forum temples
HIGH EMPIRE

Interior of the Pantheon (looking south),
Rome, Italy,
118-125 CE
*Coffered dome, 142 ft diamerter, 142 ft high.
HIGH EMPIRE

ARCUATED LINTELS

-Arch shaped lintels.

Al-Khazneh (Treasury),
Petra, Jordan,
2nd Century CE,
*Rock-cut tomb facade
*BAROQUE
*Greek architectural elements as ornamental, disregarded classical rules.
HIGH EMPIRE

INSULAE

-multistory apartment blocks

DECURSIO

-ritual circling of the imperial pyre.

Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius,
Rome, Italy,
ca. 175 CE
Bronze,
11' 6" high
*Pose of a conqueror
*portrait of a face of a weathered, weary man.
*Kept intact b/c mistooken for a portrait of Constantine (first Christian emperor of Rome).
HIGH EMPIRE

Portraits of the four tetrarchs,
Constantinople,
ca. 300 CE
Porphyry,
4'3" high
*Diocletian established Tetrarchy to bring peacy to Roman world.
*Always appeared as a group, not as much individuals.
LATE EMPIRE

Restored view of the palace of Diocletian,
Split, Croatia,
ca. 298-306
*Resembled a fortified Roman city
LATE EMPIRE

324 CE

Constantine defeats and kills Licinius.
*"New Rome" in Byzantium and calls it Constantinople.

325 CE

Council of Nicaea, Christianity becomes official religion of Roman Empire.

Portrait of Constantine,
Basilica, Nova, Rome, Italy,
ca. 315-330 CE
Marble
8'6" high
*Constantine's portraits bring back Augustan image of a youthful ruler.
*Jupiter-like
*large eyes
LATE EMPIRE

Monarchy and Republic

753-27 BCE
-Rome founded
-Etruscan kings rule city
-Established Republic in 509 BCE
-moved to Greece and cult. diffusion.
-Concrete
-First and Second Style painting
-Verism. Portraits.

Early Empire

27-96 CE
-Augustus defeats Marc Antony and Cleopatra,
-Art revived in Classical style
-Full realization of concrete
-Colosseum built
-Mount Vesuvius errupts in 79 CE

High Empire

96-192 CE
-Reaches peak under Trajan (98-117)
-Hadrian builds Pantheon
-Decrease of love for Classical art (with Hadrian)

Late Empire

193-337 CE
-Non-naturalistic style took root
-Used non ideal emotions in sculpture portraits
-Diocketuab reestablished order and created the tetrarphy.

Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus,
Rome, Italy,
ca. 359
Marble
3' 10.5"
SONS OF CONSTANTINE TO JUSTINIAN

The Good Shepherd, the story of Jonah, and orants frescoed ceiling of a cubiculum in the Catacomb of Saints Peter and Marcellinus, Rome, Italy, Early 4th Century.
*Mixed Old and New Testament ideas.
SONS OF CONSTANTINE TO JUSTINIAN

Restored cutaway view of Old Saint Peter's (looking northwest),
Rome, Italy, ca. 319
*Built by constantine
*reminiscent of Roman basilicas, not temples.
CONSTANTINE

Restored plan of Old Saint Peter's,
Rome, Italy, ca. 319
*Closely followed plan of a Roman basillica
CONSTANTINE

SOLDIER EMPERORS TO CONSTANTINE

235-306
-Syrian artists paint biblical murals
-Late Antique sarcophagi show first efforts of iconography for subjects

CONSTANTINE

306-337
-Roman basilicas are models for first churches in Rome
-Constantine dedicates Constantinople as New Rome @ Byzantium

SONS OF CONSTANTINE TO JUSTINIAN

337-527

Aerial view of Hagia Sophia (looking north),
by Anthemius of Tralles, and Isidorus of Miletus,
Constantinople, Turkey
532-537
*Justinian's reign=golden age of art
EARLY BYZANTINE

Interior of Hagia Sophia (looking south-west),
by Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus,
Constantinople, Turkey, 532-535
*Pendentive construction="hanging roof"
EARLY BYZANTINE

Plan of San Vitale,
Ravenna, Italy, 526-547
EARLY BYZANTINE
*Centrally planned, but with an off centered narthex.

Justinian Bishop Maximianus and attendants, mosaic on the north wall of the apse,
San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy
ca. 547
EARLY BYZANTINE
*Mosaics reveal more Byzantine aethetic.

Saint Apollinaris amid sheep, apse mosaic,
Sant'Apollinare in Classe,
Ravenna, Italy, ca. 533-549
EARLY BYZANTINE