Biology Exam 2

color of oxygenated blood

scarlet, fire engine red

color of deoxygenated blood

crimson, dull red

taste of blood

salty, metallic

pH of blood

7.4

oxygenated blood

high in oxygen enters the left atrium

deoxygenated blood

low in oxygen enters the right atrium

blood vessels

carry blood throughout the body

artery

usually carries oxygenated blood, except pulmonary

vein

usually carries deoxy blood, except pulmonary

aorta

largest artery in the body

carotid artery

artery that brings blood to the brain

superior vena cava

the largest vein in the body

jugular vein

vein in the that goes into the carotid artery

weight of male heart

300 g

weight of female heart

250 g

pericardial

the heart’s own private sac

cone

the shape of the heart

12 cm

the length of the heart

9 cm

the width of the heart

6 cm

the thickness of the heart

epicardium

outer muscle layer of the heart

myocardium

middle muscle layer of the heart

endocardium

inner muscle layer of the heart

hilus

in the middle part of the lung, an opening on each lung

left lung

smaller, thinner, 2 lobes

right lung

bigger, fatter, 3 lobes

cardiac notch

a notch on the left lung (because its closer to the heart)

4500 mL

VC (most capacity for air)

3000 mL

IRV (inhale)

1000 mL

ERV (exhale)

500 mL

TV (each breath of air)

1200 mL

RV (residual volume)

thyroid

largest cartilage in larynx

cricoid

most inferior cartilage in larynx

arytenoids

cartilage in larynx, contains vocal chords

epiglottis

cartilage in larynx, guardian of the airways, flap that closes

trachea

the windpipe, has cilia, gives off two branches called primary bronchi

alveoli

air sacs in the lungs

25

total amount of branches in the respiratory tree

glycolysis

first step of making ATP, occurs in cytoplasm

2 ATP

glycolysis net gain

Krebs cycle

second step in making ATP, occurs in reticulum (outer membrane of mitochondria)

Transport chain

third step of making ATP, occurs in crista of the mitochondria

32-34 ATP

transport chain net gain

4 ATP

amount produced in glycolysis

36-38 ATP

amount produced in transport chain

cerebellum

little brain

cerebral cortex

largest part of the brain, 83% (executive suite of the nervous system, high intellect area)

thalamus

gateway to the cortex

pons

bridge

medulla

controls many things (vomiting, coughing, swallowing, sneezing, heart rate) 

Hypothalamus

below the thalamus; autonomic control, visceral control (guts), thermal regulation, water balance, hunger, sex drive

Central nervous system

the brain and spinal cord; most of the neurons are in there (interneurons)

Peripheral Nervous System

takes neurons away

Sensory neurons

afferent, sends impulses to CNS

Motor neurons

efferent, take impulses away from CNS

Somatic Nervous System

Stimulates skeletal muscle  

Autonomic Nervous System 

Stimulates visceral muscle (guts, blood vessels) 

synapse

Space between neurons, a millionth of an inch

dendrites

branches; Short numerous branch out, Send impulses toward the perikaryon 

perikaryon

Cell body, the biosynthetic center

neuron

Fibers or processes on it; Very large and complex, amiotic

Receptors

pick up stimulus; most are on the end of dendrites

Axon

long, singular, non-branching; Take impulses away from the cell body  

Myelin

wraps around an axon (innermost)

inneuralum

in the PNS it wraps around the axon (outermost)

Body in the CNS

nuclei

Body in PNS

ganglia

Fibers in CNS

tracks 

Fibers in PNS

nerves

endoneurium 

covering one fiber

fascicle

Group of fibers

Perineurial

covers a fascicle

nerve

group of fascicles

epineurium

covers entire nerve

100 years or more

neuron’s lifespan