PNB Pre-Lab #3

appendicular skeleton

all limb bones and the bones that unite each limb with axial skeleton

bones in pectoral girdle

scapula and clavicle

clavicle

s-shaped, anterior side of shoulder, medial-sternum, lateral-scapula, above shoulder joint

scapula

shoulder blade, posterior side of shoulder, flat with prominent ridge - spine

spine of scapula

landmark of position of rotator cuff muscles (supraspinatus and infraspinatus)

bones of the upper arm

humerus (single upper), radius (medial in supinate, forearm), ulna (lateral in supinate, forearm)

regions of arm

upper (shoulder-elbow), forearm (elbow-wrist), and hand (distal to wrist)

bones of the hand

8 carpal bones (base), 5 metacarpal (palm), and 14 phalanx bones (fingers/thumbs)

glenohumeral joint articulation

proximal head of humerus articulates with glenoid cavity of scapula - most movable joint

anatomical neck of humerus

margin of smooth area of the head

surgical neck of humerus

where base expands, proximal head, joins narrow shaft of humerus — most common arm fracture

greater/lesser tubercle

lateral side of proximal humerus/anterior aspect, attachment site for muscles that act across shoulder joint

deltoid tuberosity

roughened, V-shaped region, lateral side in middle of shaft, site of attachment for deltoid muscle

medial/lateral epicondyle

prominent bony projection of medial side/ much smaller on lateral side of distal humerus above condyles

elbow joint

distal end where radius and ulna bones join — trochlea and capitulum

trochlea (humerus)

“pulley”, articulates with ulna, medial

capitulum (humerus)

“small head”, knob-like structure, lateral and anterior, articulates with radius

coronoid fossa

receives coronoid process of ulna, superior to trochlea

radial fossa

above capitulum, receives head of the radius when elbow is flexed

olecranon fossa

posterior humerus, larger depression that receives olecranon process of ulna when forearm is fully extended

ulnar nerve

what you actually hit when you hit your “funny bone”

ulna

medial bone of the forearm

trochlear notch

proximal end, cresecent wrench/c-shaped, articulates w/ trochlea of humerus as part of elbow joint

coronoid process

inferior margin of trochlea notch - prominent lip of bone

ulnar tuberosity

below coronoid process, roughened area

radial notch

lateral side, slightly inferior to trochlea notch, small smooth area

proximal radioulnar joint

site of articulation between the proximal radius and the ulna

olecranon process

posterior and superior portion of the proximal ulna - forms bony tip of elbow

shaft of ulna

distal side

interosseous border of ulna

lateral side of shaft, rigge, sheet of dense CT that unites radius and ulna

head of ulna

small, rounded area, distal end

styloid process of ulna

short bony projection from posterior side of ulnar head, attachment point for CT structure that unites distal ends of radius and ulna

radius

runs parallel to ulna, lateral side of forearm

head of radius

disc-shaped structure that forms proximal end

articulations of radius/ulna

small depression on surface of head articulates wtih capitulum of humerus in elbow joint, smooth outer margin of head articulates with radial notch of ulna at proximal radioulnar joint

neck of radius

narrowed region immediately below expanded head

radial tuberosity

inferior to neck of radius on medial side, muscle attachment points of biceps brachii

shaft of radius

slightly curved, small ridge along its medial side

styloid process

lateral end of radius, pointed projection

bone markings on humerus - posterior

hemispherical head, greater tubercle, anatomical neck, surgical neck

bone markings on scapula - posterior

spine, supraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa

hemispherical head bone marking

humerus, round feature on epiphysis side, articulates at glenoid cavity of scapula — glenohumeral joint

greater tubercle bone marking

humerus, lateral, sites of insertion for muscles of rotator cuff

anatomical neck bone marking

humerus, between tubercles and head, location of epiphyseal growth plate

surgical neck bone marking

humerus, distal to tubercles at transition from head to shaft, common site for fractures

spine bone marking

scapula, slender ridge of bone on posterior side, continuous with acromion process

suproaspinous fossa bone marking

scapula, above the spine - sites of attachment for rotator cuff muscles

infraspinous fossa

scapula, below the spine, sites of attachment for rotator cuff muscles

bone markings on humerus - anterior

greater tubercle (large/lateral) and lesser tubercle (small/medial)

bone markings on scapula - anterior

subscapular fossa, acromion process, rim of glenoid fossa/cavity

subscapular fossa bone marking

scapula, site of origin for subscapularis muscle

acromion process bone marking

scapula, articulates with acromial end of clavicle

rim of glenoid fossa bone marking

scapula, articulates with head of humerus

types of synovial joints

pivot, hinge, condyloid, saddle, plane, ball-and-socket

forearm flexors

biceps brachii, brachialis, brachiordialis

forearm extensor

triceps brachii

biceps brachii

2-headed, crosses shoulder/elbow joints to flex forearm, supinating forearm at radioulnar joints, flexing arm at shoulder joint

anterior flexors of forearm

flexor carpi radialus, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum superficialis

flexor digitorum superficialis

flexes hand and the digits at the knuckles - allows for rapid finger movements (ie. typing)

posterior extensors of forearm

extensor carpi radialus and extensor carpi ulnaris

rotator cuff muscles

subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor

subscapularis

originates on anterior scapula, medially rotates arm and helps pull arm towards midline

supraspinatus

superior to spine of scapula, abduct the arm

infraspinatus

inferior to spine of scapula, laterally rotates the arm

teres minor

laterally rotates and extends the arm

rotator cuff

circle of tendons around the shoulder joint

shoulder extension muscles

latissimus dorsi, posterior deltoid, teres minor, triceps

shoulder flexion muscles

anterior deltoid, pectoralis major, biceps, coracobrachialis

shoulder abduction muscles

supraspinatus, deltoid, trapezius, serratus anterior

shoulder adduction muscles

pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major

shoulder lateral rotation muscles

infraspinatus, teres minor, deltoid

shoulder medial rotation muscles

subscapularis, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major