HBS unit 4

What is the role of water in the body?

regulate body temp, moistens tissues in eyes mouth and nose, lubricates joints, disolving minerals to make accesiable to the body, flushes waste products, deliver nutrients and oxygen.

What will happen to organs without water?

They will shut down

What is type of tissue is the bladder made from?

Transitional tissue. The cells are very squished together allowing it to stretch

What are the filters in the kidneys called?

Nephrons. They are 1.1-2.2 inches long, there are millions of them in the kidneys, they help to control what substances remain in the blood and what is filtered out into urine.

Tubular reabsoration

From the nepheron to the blood

Tubular secretion

From the blood to the end of nepheron

What is GFR

Glomerular filtration rate

What are symptoms of kidney failure?

Edma, high blood pressure, feeling tired during day, trouble sleeping at night, feeeling sick to th stomach, making little to no urine, muscle cramps and weekness, pain or stiffness in joints, confusion, troube focasing, loosing memory

What is CKD

Cronic kidney disease

Altruistic doner

a non-direct doner is someone who offers to donate a kidney without a specific repient, but wants to help someone

What are somethings UNOS compares the donor kindey to

Blood type, tissue type, organ size, medical urgency of patient illness, time on transplant list, geographical distance between patient and door.

What is HLA

Stands for human leukocyte antigen. At least 6 HLA antigens must match between the donor and recipient

What does PKD stand for

Polycystic Kidney disease

What is PKD

Is an iherited disorder of the kidney. There are 2 types-atuosomal dominant and autosomal recessive. Polycystic kiney disease is characterized by hundereds of fliud-filled cysists throughout both kidneys

What PKD is worse

PKD 1 is worse than PKD 2

What chrosome is PKD 2 one

chrosome 4

urinalysis

macroscopic, chemical, and microscopic analysis of unrine

What do you not want to find in urine

blood, protein, kidney stones, glucose, ketones

What color should urine be

a tone of yellow

What should is the clairity of urine be

clear

during ones lifetime how much food do they eat?

20 tons

Digestive system

an organ system that breaks down food to extract energy and nutrients and than evacuates remaining waste

GI track

the stomaoch and intestine as a functional unit

Accessory organs

Teeth, thounge, salivary glands, liver, gallblader, and pancreas

Digestion

enzymes breaking down food into simple chemical compounds

mechanical digestion

The physical breakdown of food by the teeth and muscle movements of the digestive system

Chemical digestion

The chemical breakdown of food by digestive enzymes and acids

What does a Pediatric Psychologist do?

Focas on chilrden and young adults to help them cope with life. They support clients, clairify their feelngs, and find additional resources to help them.

Gastrostomy

A surgical procesure to create an opening (stoma) into the stomach for the insertation of a tube (G-tube)

Jejunostomy

A surgical procudure where an opening (stoma) is created in the juejunum (part of small instetine) and a tube is inserted in the opening (J-tube)

Edndoscopy

An invasive procedure used to look inside the body. It involves inserting a long flexiable tube called an endoscope into a hallow organ or cavity of the body

Upper endoscopy

Use it to look inside the digestive track. Involves inserting an endoscope in the mouth, down your throat and into the esophagus, stomach, and doudenum

Endoscope exploration

Used to find the cause of problems like abdominal pain, trouble swolling, heartburn, caughing, or vomitting blood.

Biospy

if abnormal tissue is found a biospy can be formed. This is done by removing a small peice of tissue to send to lab for testing

What is your gut microbiome

bacteria, fungi, and virsuses that live in different parks of your gut

Microbiome

Microscopic living organisms found everywhere including the human body

What are harmful microbiomes?

bacteria like salmonella or E-Coil

What are good mircobiomes?

good healthy bacteria found in some fermented foods like yogert, cheese.

What is it good to increase probiotics?

after an antibiotic-antibiotics get rid of all bacteria INCLUDING the good

What does a healthy microbiome consist of?

many types of bacteria, living in different parts of the body because they have require different living enviorments.

Mirobial imbalance (dysbiosis)

bad bacteria overtakes good bacteria

What are some sysptoms of dysbiosis?

bloating, gas, abdomal discomfort, mental fog, skin rash, consipation, diahrea, food allergies, joint pain, depression, anxity, autoamune disorders, reoccuring infections

What causes dysbiosis?

Antibiotic overuse, unhealthy diet, chronic stress, lack of physical activity, chromic inflamation, poor sleep quality, exposure to enviormental toxicans, aging

What is colon polyp (type of disease)?

Small growths that happen in the lining of the colon/larage instetine. This happens because of abnormal cell growth. combination of genetics, enviorment, age, family history, smoking obesity, diet.

What is cellac disease?

Chronic condition that causes an inflamation allergic responce of the digestive track to gluten (found in grains.)

What is acid reflux?

AKA heartburn-buring feeling in chest, stomach acid in throat or mouth. Caused by involuntary release of stomach acid into the esophagus, esophageal sores, discomfort.

What is peptic ulcers disease?

Formation of ulcers in stomach lining. Caused by bacteria or long time use of pain relief. Medication increases acidity and inflammation. Ulcer forms when acid damages protective mucas

What is chohn's disease?

Chronic inflamation bowel disease. Affecting larage + small instetine mostly. Symptoms may include diarrhea, abdomal pain, cramps, constipation, fatuige, fever, loss of appitite. Can cause long term tissue damage

What is Whipples disease?

infectious disorder affects different parts of the body. Bacteria can enter the body through mouth and spread through blodd stream. Symptoms may include diarrhea, abdomel pain, weight loss, joint pain, neurological problems, cenfusion, memory loss, uncordination.

What does a histopathologist do?

responsiable for examinging, diagnosing, and studing diseases in tissue and organ samples obtained from biopsy. They work with specilized doctors to manage patient care. When looking at tissues they are looking for cancer, infections, inflsmmstory diseases.

What is a topical spure?

intestinal microbial infection that occurs when people live/visit the tropics for extending periods, causing diarrea, weight loss, and malabsorpation of nutrients.

Macromolecules

a type of large molecule fromed by joining smaller molcules

Macromaolcule examples

-proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids

lipids

Organic compounds that are hydrophobic, including fats, oils, and hormones, playing key roles in energy storage, cell structure, and signaling.

carbohydrates

organic compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, typically in a 1:2:1 ratio; they serve as a primary energy source and structural component in living organisms. Carbohydrates are essential in energy metabolism and are found in sugars and starches.

proteins

Large molecules made up of amino acids, essential for various biological functions including catalyzing metabolic reactions, replicating DNA, and responding to stimuli.

enzymes

proteins that increase the rate of a reaction without being changed or used

lipase

a type of enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of fats, breaking them down into fatty acids and glycerol.

amylase

an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of starch into sugars, playing a key role in carbohydrate digestion.

Protease

an enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides or amino acids, crucial for digestion and cellular processes.

lactase

an enzyme that breaks down lactose, the sugar found in milk, into glucose and galactose, aiding in dairy digestion.