HB2 Mader's Chapter 6- Skeletal System

Appositional growth

in bone, growth that leads to increase in diameter of a long bone

Articular cartilage

hyaline cartilaginous covering over the articulating surface of the bones of synovial joints

Articulation

joining together of bones at a joint

compact bone

hard bone consisting of osteons cemented together

diaphysis

shaft of a long bone

endochondral ossification

ossification that begins as hyaline cartilage that is subsequently replaced by bone tissue

epiphyseal plate

cartilaginous layer within the epiphysis of a long bone that functions as a growing region

Epiphysis

end segment of a long bone, separated from the diaphysis early in life by an epiphyseal plate, but later becoming part of the larger bone

Hematopoiesis

formation of blood cells in red bone marrow

intramembranous ossification

bone that forms from membranelike layers of primitive connective tissue

medullary cavity

within the diaphysis of a long bone, cavity occupied by yellow marrow

Ossification

formation of bone

osteoblasts

bone-forming cells

osteoclasts

cell that causes the erosion of bone

osteon

cylinder-shaped units that comprise compact bone

osteoprogenitor cells

cells found on or near all of the free surfaces of bone, which undergo division and transform into osteoblasts

Periosteum

fibrous connective tissue covering the surface of the bone

red bone marrow

blood cell-forming tissue located in spaces within certain bones

spongy bone

bone found at the ends of long bones; consists of bars and plates separated by irregular spaces

fracture

a break in a bone

osteoporosis

weakening of bones due to decreased bone mass

reduction

to align the ends of a fractured bone so that proper healing can occur

alveolar process

the thickened ridge of bone that contains the tooth sockets

appendicular skeleton

part of the skeleton forming the upper limbs, pectoral girdle, lower limbs, and pelvic girdle

atlas

first cervical vertebra; it supports and balances the head

axial skeleton

portion of the skeleton that supports and protects the organs of the head, neck, and trunk

axis

second cervical vertebra upon which the atlas rotates, allowing the head to turn

coccyx

caudal end of the vertebral column formed by the fusion of four vertebrae, tailbone

cranium

forms the roof, floor, and sides of the skull and protects the very delicate brain

fontanels

membranous region located between certain cranial bones in the skull of a fetus or infant

foramen magnum

opening in the floor of the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes

hard palate

anterior portion of the roof of the mouth that contains several bones

intervertebral disk

layer of the cartilage located between adjacent vertebrae

occipital condyle

one of two processes on the lateral portions of the occipital bone; for articulation with the atlas

rib cage

bony framework of the thoracic cavity; created by the thoracic vertebrae, ribs, costal cartilages, and sternum

sacrum

bone consisting of five fused vertebrae that form the posterior wall of the pelvic girdle

sella turcica

saddle shaped area of the sphenoid bone; houses the pituitary gland

sinus

cavity; for example, the sinuses in the human skull

sternum

breastbone to which the ribs are ventrally attached

sutures

type of immovable joint articulation found between bones of the skull

temporal process

a process of the zygomatic bone that articulates laterally and forms part of the zygomatic arch

vertebrae

bone of the vertebral column

vertebral column

backbone of vertebrates, composed of individual bones called vertebrae

zygomatic arch

the most prominent feature of a cheekbone, consists of a temporal process connected to a zygomatic process (a portion of the temporal bone)

herniated disk

fibrous ring of cartilage between two vertebrae that has ruptured

kyphosis

increased roundness in the thoracic curvature of the spine; also called hunchback

lordosis

exaggerated lumbar curvature of the spine; also called "swayback"

mastoiditis

inflammation of the mastoid sinuses of the skull

scoliosis

abnormal lateral (side to side) curvature of the vertebral column

sinusitis

inflammation of the mucous membrane lining a paranasal sinus

bony pelvis

the skeleton of the pelvis

calcaneus

heel bone

clavicles

bone extending from the sternum to the scapula

coxal bone

bone of the pelvic girdle

femur

thighbone located in the upper leg

fibula

long, slender bone located on the lateral side of the tibia

humerus

heavy bone that extends from the scapula to the elbow

ilium

one of the bones of the coxal bone or hipbone

ischium

most inferior of the three bones that comprise the pelvic bone

metatarsal bones

bones found in the foot between the ankle and the toes

patella

bone of the kneecap

pectoral girdle

portion of the skeleton that provides support and attachment for the upper limbs

pelvic girdle

portion of the skeleton to which the lower limbs are attached

pelvis

the large bony structure near the base of the spine to which the lower limbs are attached

phalanges

bones of the fingers and thumb in the hand and of the toes in the foot

pubic symphysis

slightly movable cartilaginous joint between the anterior surfaces of the hip bones

pubis

anterior-most bone of the three bones that comprise the pelvic bone

radius

elongated bone located on the thumb side of the lower arm

scapulae

large bone in the posterior shoulder area

talus

ankle bone

tarsal bones

bones of the ankle in humans

tibia

shinbone found in the lower leg

ulna

elongated bone within the lower arm

abduction

movement of a body part away from the midline

adduction

movement of a body part toward the midline

amphiarthrosis

joint that allows slight movement

ball-and-socket joint

the most freely movable type of joint (for example the shoulder or hip joint)

bursae

saclike, fluid-filled structure, lined with synovial membrane, that occurs near a joint

cartilaginous joints

two or more bones joined by cartilage

condyloid joint

bone with an oval-shaped projection at one end joined with a bone processing a complementary elliptical cavity

circumduction

conelike movement of a body part, such that the distal end moves in a circle, while the proximal portion remains relatively stable

coronal suture

line of junction of the frontal bone with the two parietal bones

depression

movement of a synovial joint that lowers a body part

diarthrosis

freely moveable joint

elevation

movement of a synovial that raises a body part

eversion

movement of the foot in which the sole is turned outward

extension

movement that increases the angle between parts at a joint

fibrous joints

two or more bones joined by connective tissue containing many fibers

flexion

bending at a joint so that the angle between bones is decreased

gliding joint

two bones with nearly flat surfaces joined together

hinge joint

type of joint characterized by a convex surface of one bone fitting into a concave surface of another so that movement is confined to one place, such as in the knee or interphalangeal joint

inversion

movement of the foot so that the sole is turned inward

lambdoidal suture

line of junction between the occipital and parietal bones

ligaments

strong connective tissue that joins bone to bone

meniscus

piece of fibrocartilage that separates the surfaces of bones in the knee

pivot joint

the end of a bone moving within a ring formed by another bone and connective tissue

pronation

rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces backward

rotation

movement of a bone around its own longitudinal axis

saddle joint

two bones joined, having convex and concave surfaces that are complementary

sagittal suture

line of junction between the two parietal bones in the cranium