English QUIZ- Logical Fallacies and Ethos, Pathos, and Logos

Persuasive writing should sway a reader in what ways? (2 ways)

intellectually and emotionally

Who came up with ethos, pathos, and logos?

Aristotle

What is ethos?

BE CREDIBLE

-believable, clarity, and NO ERRORS, have sense of authority (celebrity)

ex: Zendaya (sea shells)

SHOW THAT YOU KNOW WHAT YOUR TALKING ABOUT!

What is pathos?

EMOTION

-persuade through emotion driving, most important, judge mood/correctly read audience

ex: Nike comercial

What is the most important persuasive appeal?

pathos

emotion!

What is logos?

Logical

-logical to perswade, tangible evidence, use quotes or statistics (good to combine with ethos)

ex: Allstate commercial with man as cat

What 2 persuasive appeals are good together?

ethos and logos

What is a logical fallacy?

an error of reasoning that will weaken your argument

What is circular reasoning?

when the argument is re-stated rather than proven

ex: The wind is invisible because I can't see it. Because I can't see it, the wind is invisible.

how to combat: be specific

What is a hasty generalization (aka Over Generalization)?

someone makes a sweeping statement without considering all the facts

ex: if a man walks into a town for the first time in season 10 children -> you make the conclusion that the whole town is children

how to combat: explore everything about a topic

What is slippery slope (snowball effect)?

A conclusion based on the premise that one small step will lead to a chain of events resulted in a significant event

ex: if you don't study on Saturdays -> no college -> no job -> you're poor -> live on the street

How to combat: avoid making large hypotheticals

What is straw man?

when someone distorts what a person says and changes their claim or you make a rebuttal to something they didn't say

ex: if someone said that school should be lenient on testing and somebody replied with saying that they said we shouldn't do tests at all

How to combat: staying on topic and staying focused

What is ad hominem?

Attack on persons character to weaken their argument (regularly used by politicians)

ex: a woman says that a male doctor has never been a mother so he wouldn't understand what the child needs

How to combat: don't attack individual

What is false dichotomy (aka either/Or fallacy)?

When argument presents two points while disregarding others to narrow argument in your favor

ex: 1. you are either for us or against us!

2. I thought you were good, but you didn't give to the charity!

How to combat: acknowledging all possible points!

What is appeal to emotion?

(pathos)

While this can be good, it is bad as well..

when a writer or speaker uses emotion based language to try to persuade readers/listener

ex: someone can't get assignment done so they say that it was because their girlfriend broke up with them or they had so much homework or they had football

How to combat: use logos and ethos as well

What is equivocation (aka Double Speak Fallacy)?

"Where the meaning of a word is changed in the middle of an argument."

When argument is presented, ambiguous (having a double meaning), making argument misleading

ex: hot dogs are better than nothing, nothing is better than hamburgers, so hot dogs are better than hamburgers

How to combat: specifically define our language/terminology

What is bandwagon appeal?

Appeal that presents thoughts of group of people to persuade (Peer pressure)

ex: people by warranties. My family does, if you don't you're wrong.

How to combat: don't use peer pressure

What is false analogy (aka Weak Analogy)?

Two unlike things are compared in order to prove a point

ex: people are like dogs. They respond best to discipline.

How to combat: make sure analogies are accurate and make sense.