CELL, MUSCLE, NERVE, AND SPORTS PHYSIOLOGY Post Lec

In this phase of Mitosis, the centrioles are at the opposite ends of the cell poles and the chromosomes are lined up at an imaginary line equidistant between the two poles. This sequence belongs to what phase?

A. Prophase D. Anaphase

B. Metaphase E. Telophase

C. Anaphase II

B. Metaphase

The Na K ATPase pump:

Pumps 2 Na ions out, 3 K ions in

Pumps 3 Na ions in, 2 K ions out

Pumps 3 Na ions out, 2 K ions in

Pumps 2 Na ions in, 3 K ions out

Pumps 3 Na ions out, 2 K ions out

Pumps 3 Na ions out, 2 K ions in

Resting membrane potential of the nerve?

A. 70 mV

B. -70 mV

C. -90 mV

D. -60 mV

E. 90 mV

B. -70 mV

The most abundant cation intracellularly is:

A. Sodium D. Bicarbonate

B. Potassium E. Chloride

C. Proteins

B. Potassium

The following statements describe the factors affecting a cell's net rate of diffusion in one direction, EXCEPT:

A. Difference in pressure across the membrane

B. In ions, the difference in chemical potential between the two sides of the membrane

C. Permeability and area of membrane

D. Difference in concentration of the diffusing substance between the two sides of the membrane

B. In ions, the difference in chemical potential between the two sides of the membrane

The movement of Ca+ ions across the membrane is mainly by:

A. Active transport

B. Facilitated diffusion

C. Passive diffusion

D. Osmosis

B. Facilitated diffusion

"Cell Drinking mechanism"

A. Osmosis

B. Diffusion

C. Phagocytosis

D. Pinocytosis

E. Active transport

D. Pinocytosis

Which among the following is the correct sequence for muscle contraction?

I. Action potentials arrive at the presynaptic terminal

II. Troponin C of the actin filament binds with Calcium

III. Acetylcholine is released in the synaptic cleft

IV. Power stroke occurs

V. ATP attaches to the myosin heads

A. I-II-III-IV-V

B. I-III-II-V-IV

C. I-II-IV-III-V

D. I-III-II-IV-V

E. None of these

D. I-III-II-IV-V

The connective tissue that covers individual muscle bundle:

A. Epimysium

B. Perineurium

C. Perimysium

D. Subcutaneous fascia

E. Endomysium

C. Perimysium

The portion between two Z-discs is called:

A. H zone

B. I band

C. A band

D. Y band

E. Sarcomere

E. Sarcomere

The cell "powerhouse" enables the cell to extract significant amounts of energy from the nutrients and oxygen for cellular functions:

A. Golgi apparatus

B. Mitochondria

C. Endoplasmic reticulum

D. Lysosomes

B. Mitochondria

To create electrical neutrality, the major intracellular cation

is balanced intracellularly by which anions?

A. Cl-

B. HCO3-

C. HPO4-

D. Organic anions

E. KMnO4

D. Organic anions

Mitosis can only take place after this event takes place:

A. Enzyme inhibition

B. Negative feedback control

C. None of these

D. Replication of all DNA in the chromosomes

D. Replication of all DNA in the chromosomes

These vesicular organelles allow the cells to digest and thereby remove unwanted substances and structures, i.e. bacteria:

A. Peroxisomes

B. Ribosomes

C. Lysosomes

D. None of these

C. Lysosomes

Resting cell membrane:

A. More permeable to K than Na

B. More permeable to Na than K

C. Not permeable to Na and K

D. Equally permeable to Na and K

A. More permeable to K than Na

Conversion of skeletal muscle fiber types is only possible in

what manner?

A. Type II → I c. Type IA → IIB

B. Type I→ II d. Type IIB → IIA

d. Type IIB → IIA

The main source of ATP immediately after exercising for 4-5 seconds:

A. Glycogen breakdown C. Phosphocreatine

B. Glycolytic process D. Oxidative processes

C. Phosphocreatine

What exercise can be done to improve ATP synthesis of the phosphagen energy system?

A. Increase load, increase repetition, short period of time

B. Decrease load, increase repetition, long period of time

C. Increase load, decrease repetition, shorter period of time

D. None of these

E. Decrease load, increase repetition, short period of time

C. Increase load, decrease repetition, shorter period of time

Fast twitch fibers differ from slow twitch fibers, EXCEPT:

A. Number of capillaries per mass of fibers is greater in slow twitch fibers

B. Fast twitch fibers are organized for endurance

C. Fast twitch fibers can achieve double maximal power

D. Fast twitch fibers are twice in diameter

B. Fast twitch fibers are organized for endurance

In the BORG scale, a rating of 13 means:

A. Fairly light

B. Somewhat hard

C. Hard

D. Very hard

E. Maximal exertion

B. Somewhat hard

A person who is contraindicated to do any activities of 5 METS or beyond should NOT:

A. Sit with ease

B. Ascend stairs

C. Walk at 1 mph

D. Perform archery

E. Dance ballet

B. Ascend stairs

This transport mechanism exists in all cell bodies and maintains the sodium and potassium concentration differences across the cell membrane; it also established a negative electrical potential inside the cells:

A. Sodium-potassium pump

B. Calcium pump

C. Sodium countertransport

D. Active transport

A. Sodium-potassium pump

Of the body fluid compartments, the largest is occupied by:

A. Extracellular fluid

B. Intracellular

C. Interstitial fluid

D. Plasma

E. Transcellular fluid

C. Interstitial fluid

The plasma membrane of a typical cell is amphipathic in nature which means:

A. It has a hydrophilic tail, and hydrophobic head

B. It has a hydrophilic head, and a hydrophobic tail

C. The plasma membrane is a non-selective barrier

D. All lipid molecules are hydrophobic

E. All lipid molecules are hydrophilic

B. It has a hydrophilic head, and a hydrophobic tail

They function in the synthesis of protein cells and are composed of a mixture of ribonucleic acid and proteins:

A. Peroxisomes

B. Glycoproteins

C. Ribosomes

D. Lysosomes

E. Rough ER

C. Ribosomes

A stack of flattened sacs which modify and package the proteins sent by the endoplasmic reticulum:

A. Smooth ER

B. Mitochondria

C. Peroxisomes

D. Golgi Tendon Organ

E. None of these

E. None of these

Which of the following generates the lowest tension?

A. Fast concentric

B. Slow concentric

C. Fast eccentric

D. Slow eccentric

E. Isometric

C. Fast eccentric

Skeletal muscle contraction stops when:

A. ATP is released from myosin

B. Decreased concentration of intracellular calcium ions

C. Ionization of cell

D. Sodium pump reversal

E. Depolarization of the cell

B. Decreased concentration of intracellular calcium ions

Where is the T-system (triad) located in the skeletal muscle?

A. Between A and I band

B. At the Z line

C. At the M line

D. Between A band and H zone

E. None of these

A. Between A and I band

A physical therapist working in cardiac rehabilitation progresses a patient involved in a phase II program through an established exercise protocol. The patient weighs 70 kg and has progressed without difficulty through the rehabilitation program. The protocol indicates the patient should be performing activities requiring 3-4 metabolic equivalents (METs). An example of an appropriate activity would be:

A. Level walking at 1 mph

B. Jogging at 5 mph

C. Cycling at 10 mph

D. Walking on a treadmill at 3 mph

D. Walking on a treadmill at 3 mph

Quick jerky contractions that correspond to single stimulus and lasts about less than a 10th of a second:

A. Tetanic contraction

B. Convulsion

C. Fasciculation

D. Fibrillation

E. Twitch

E. Twitch

Which of the following does NOT properly describe a sarcomere?

A. The M line divides the A band

B. I band contains thin filaments

C. The H zone contains thin and thick filaments

D. Width of I band changes during contraction, A band does not

E. Actin filaments slide toward each other during contraction

C. The H zone contains thin and thick filaments

True of thin filaments:

A. Actin is the only thin filament

B. Consists of two heads: one is a binding site for ATP, the other is for the formation of cross bridges

C. Its backbone is a double stranded filamentous G actin, made of individual globular molecules called F actin

D. Tropomyosin spiral around the binding sites and attached intermittently are troponin molecules altogether forming a troponin-tropomyosin complex

E. None of these

D. Tropomyosin spiral around the binding sites and attached intermittently are troponin molecules altogether forming a troponin-tropomyosin complex

The following are true of slow twitch and fast twitch muscle fibers except:

A. The number of capillaries is much greater in the vicinity of slow twitch fibers than in the vicinity of fast twitch fibers

B. Fast twitch fibers are twice larger in diameter than slow twitch

C. Slow twitch muscles are mainly organized for endurance, and contain far less mitochondria than fast twitch

D. Fast twitch fibers are phasic muscles while low twitch muscles are regarded as postural muscles

E. All statements are true

C. Slow twitch muscles are mainly organized for endurance, and contain far less mitochondria than fast twitch

The formula for target heart rate is:

A. (HRmax - RHR) % - RHR

B. (HRmax + RHR) % + RHR

C. (HRmax - RHR) % + RHR

D. (HRmax + RHR) % - RHR

E. None of these

C. (HRmax - RHR) % + RHR

Standing at ease

A. 0.5 to 1.0

B. 1.0 to 1.5

C. 1.5 to 2.0

D. 2.0 to 2.5

C. 1.5 to 2.0

A physical therapist uses metabolic equivalents (METs) as a method to establish exercise intensity for a 36-year-old female. The patient is recreationally active and has no relevant past medical history. Which MET level would be MOST consistent with the patient's anticipated maximal

aerobic capacity?

A. 3 METs

B. 6 METs

C. 10 METs

D. 15 METs

C. 10 METs

A physical therapist attempts to monitor exercise intensity during an exercise session with a patient after cardiac transplantation. The MOST appropriate method is:

A. Metabolic equivalents

B. Perceived exertion scale

C. Pulmonary function tests

D. Target heart rate range

B. Perceived exertion scale

Playing competitive basketball will requires:

A. 5-6 METS. C. 6-7 METS

B. 7-8 METS D. 8-9 METS

D. 8-9 METS

A cardiac patient was referred for early rehab. Based on the perceived rate of exertion, which among these will not stress the body while doing exercise?

A. 13

B. 15

C. 19

D. 17

E. 11

E. 11

The following characteristics describe Type I muscle fibers, EXCEPT:

A. Higher myosin ATPase activity than the other fiber type.

B. Resistant to fatigue, with high levels of oxidative enzyme activity and low levels of glycolytic enzyme activity

C. Contained in motor units characterized by a low firing frequency or discharge rate

D. Associated with extensive capillary density and a high concentration of myoglobin

E. Low threshold for activation and slow twitch contraction

A. Higher myosin ATPase activity than the other fiber type.

Deep somatic pain is transmitted by:

A. A fibers

B. B fibers

C. C fibers

D. D fibers

C. C fibers

The following characteristics describe Type IIA muscle fibers, EXCEPT:

A. Contained in motor units characterized by a high firing frequency or discharge rate

B. High threshold for activation and slow twitch contraction

C. Have cytological properties that fall between type I and type IIB fiber

D. Relatively fatigue resistant

E. With intermediate levels of glycolytic and oxidative enzyme activity

B. High threshold for activation and slow twitch contraction

Which of the following characterize of the Golgi Tendon Organs:

A. All of these

B. They reside within muscle tendons near the point of attachment of the muscle fiber to the tendon

C. Small bundle of muscle fibers produce tension that stimulate these organs

D. These organs discharge nerve impulses that are transmitted over large, rapidly conducting afferent axons to the spinal cord and cerebellum

A. All of these

The following statements describe the principle of all-or-

none law, EXCEPT:

A. Physiologic mechanism exist for fine gradation of the force of muscle contraction

B. The law applies only to individual motor units

C. All muscle fibers in a given motor unit contract or relax almost simultaneously

D. Activated muscle fibers contract maximally if the nerve activates the motor fibers of a motor unit sufficiently

E. In the same motor unit, it is possible for some muscle fiber to contract while others are relaxed

E. In the same motor unit, it is possible for some muscle fiber to contract while others are relaxed

100-meter dash

A. ATP-CP

B. Glycogen Lactic acid

C. Aerobic

D. ATP-CP and Anaerobic

E. Anaerobic and Aerobic

A. ATP-CP

Jogging

A. ATP-CP

B. Glycogen Lactic acid

C. Aerobic

D. ATP-CP and Anaerobic

E. Anaerobic and Aerobic

C. Aerobic

Soccer

A. ATP-CP

B. Glycogen Lactic acid

C. Aerobic

D. ATP-CP and Anaerobic

E. Anaerobic and Aerobic

B. Glycogen Lactic acid

Boxing

A. ATP-CP

B. Glycogen Lactic acid

C. Aerobic

D. ATP-CP and Anaerobic

E. Anaerobic and Aerobic

E. Anaerobic and Aerobic

200m dash

A. ATP-CP

B. Glycogen Lactic acid

C. Aerobic

D. ATP-CP and Anaerobic

E. Anaerobic and Aerobic

D. ATP-CP and Anaerobic