MT Test: Cardiology (4), Pulmonology (5)

upper respiratory infection (URI)

bacterial or viral infection of the nose and/or throat

asthma

Hyperreactivity of the bronchi and bronchioles with bronchospasm, inflammation, and excess mucus production

bronchospasm

a contraction of the smooth muscle in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles that tighten and squeeze the airway shut

bronchitis

acute or chronic inflammation or infection of the bronchi

adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

A severe infection, extensive burns, or injury to the lungs damages the alveoli

atelectasis

incomplete expansion or collapse of part or all of a lung due to mucus, tumor, trauma, or a foreign body that blocks the bronchus

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema caused by chronic exposure to pollution or smoking.

cystic fibrosis (CF)

hereditary, eventually fatal disease caused by a recessive gene. Causes excess mucus production, dyspnea, bronchiectasis, and cyanosis

empyema

localized collection of purulent material in the thoracic cavity from an infection in the lungs

emphysema

chronic, irreversibly damaged alveoli (inner walls break down) that traps air in the lungs and decreases gas exchange

influenza

 acute viral infection of the upper and lower respiratory system (example: H1N1)

Legionnaires' disease

severe, sometimes fatal, bacterial infection with flu-like symptoms, aches and fever. First identified in 1976 at a veteran's convention.

anthracosis

occupational lung disease caused by coal dust

asbestosis

occupational lung disease caused by asbestos fibers

pneumonia

 infection of some or all of the lobes of the lungs

aspiration pneumonia

infection in the lungs caused by foreign matter that is inhaled into the lungs

bronchopneumonia

pneumonia that affects the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli in the lung

double pneumonia

 pneumonia that involves both lungs

lobar pneumonia

pneumonia that affects part or all of just **one** lobe of the lung

walking pneumonia

**mild** form of pneumonia caused by the bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae

pulmonary edema

fluid collection, **swelling** in the alveoli, can be caused by congestive heart failure

pulmonary embolism

blockage of a **pulmonary** artery or one of its branches by an **blood clot**

severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

**acute** viral respiratory illness that can be fatal, first emerged in 2003

tuberculosis (TB)

lung infection caused by the bacterium **Mycobacterium tuberculosis** and spread by airborne droplets and coughing.

hemothorax

presence of blood in the thoracic cavity, usually from trauma

pleural effusion

accumulation of **fluid** in the **pleural** space due to inflammation or infection of the pleura and lungs

pleurisy

inflammation or infection of the pleura due to pneumonia, trauma, or tumor

apnea

brief or prolonged absence of spontaneous respiration

bradypnea

abnormally slow rate of breathing

hemoptysis

coughing up blood

tachypnea

abnormally rapid breathing

anoxia

**complete** lack of oxygen in the **arterial** blood and body tissues

asphyxia

high level of **carbon dioxide** and an abnormally **low level of oxygen**, usually to obstruction of the airway, can cause loss of **consciousness** within a minute

cyanosis

bluish-gray discoloration of the skin because of a very low level of oxygen and a very high level of carbon dioxide in the blood and tissues

hypercapnia

very high level of carbon dioxide in the arterial blood

hypoxemia

very **low level** of oxygen in the **arterial** blood

arterial blood gases (ABG)

blood test to measure the partial pressure of the gases oxygen and carbon dioxide in a sample of arterial blood

carboxyhemoglobin

**blood test** to measure the level of **carbon monoxide** in the blood of patients exposed to fires or fumes in unventilated spaces

oximetry

procedure in which an oximeter, a small, noninvasive clip device, is placed on the patient's index finger or earlobe to measure the degree of oxygen saturation of the blood.

pulmonary function test (PFT)

procedure to measure the **capacity** of the lungs and the volume of air during **inhalation** and **exhalation**

sputum culture and sensitivity (C&S)

test to identify which bacterium is causing a pulmonary infection and to determine its sensitivity to various antibiotic drugs

tine test

screening test that uses a **four**-**pronged** device to puncture the skin and introduce **PPD** (purified protein derivative), part of the bacterium Mycobacterium **tuberculosis**

mantoux test

uses an intradermal **injection** of **PPD** (purified protein derivative) to test for TB infection

auscultation and percussion

Uses a stereoscope and a finger to tap over a lobe of the lung on the back to listen for density differences

cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

procedure to ventilate the lungs and circulate the blood if the patient has stopped breathing and the heart has stopped beating

endotracheal intubation

procedure in which a tube is inserted through the **mouth** into the **windpipe** so a patient can be connected to a **ventilator**. A laryngoscope helps the clinician see to make sure the tube goes between the vocal cords.

heimlich maneuver

procedure to assist a choking victim with an airway obstruction

incentive spirometer

medical device to encourage patients to breathe deeply to prevent atelectasis

nasal cannula

a plastic tube with two short, flexible prongs that rest just inside the nostrils. Can provide oxygen concentration up to 45%

ambu bag

a **hand-held** device that is used to manually breathe for the patient on a temporary basis

bronchoscopy

procedure that uses a lighted **bronchoscope** inserted through the mouth and larynx to examine the trachea and bronchi

thoracostomy

procedure that inserts a **plastic** **tube** between the ribs and into the thoracic cavity to remove accumulated air or blood due to trauma or infection

lobectomy

 removal of a lobe of a lung

thoracentesis

procedure that uses a needle and a vacuum container to remove pleural fluid from the pleural space

thoracotomy

**incision** into the thoracic cavity

tracheostomy

Incision of the trachea and **tube** insertion to keep the opening from closing

antitussive drugs

suppress the cough center in the brain

antiviral drugs

prevent and treat influenza virus infection in at-risk patients with asthma or lung disease

bronchodilator drugs

dilate constricted airways by relaxing the smooth muscles that surround the bronchioles

expectorant drugs

reduce the thickness of sputum so that it can be coughed up

stop smoking drugs

bind to nicotine receptors and prevent them from being activated by nicotine from smoking, ex: Chantix

MDI

metered dose inhaler

ischemia

lack of blood supply due to a **blood clot** or **atherosclerosis**

angina pectoris

mild-to-severe **chest pain** caused by ischemia of the myocardium

cardiomegaly

enlargement of the heart, usually due to congestive heart failure

cardiomyopathy

any disease condition of the heart **muscle** that includes heart **enlargement** and **heart failure**

congestive heart failure (CHF)

**inability** of the heart to pump **sufficient** amounts of blood

hypertrophy

enlargement of the myocardium that occurs in early CHF

jugular vein distention

dilated veins in the neck caused by blood backing up in the superior vena cava

myocardial infarction (MI)

death of myocardial cells due to severe ischemia; aka Heart Attack

endocarditis

inflammation and bacterial infection of the endocardium lining a heart valve

mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

structural abnormality in which the leaflets of the mitral valve do not close tightly

atrial septal defect (ASD)

there is a permanent hole in the **interatrial** septum

ventricular septal defect (VSD)

there is a permanent hole in the **interventricular** septum

**tetralogy** of fallot

there are **four** **defects**: a ventricular septal defect, narrowing of the pulmonary trunk, hypertrophy of the right ventricle, and abnormal position of the aorta

patent foramen ovale

foramen ovale fails to close

murmur

abnormal heart **sound** created by turbulence as blood leaks through a defective heart valve

pericarditis

inflammation or infection of the pericardial sac with an excessive accumulation of pericardial fluid

rheumatic heart disease

autoimmune response to a noncardiac streptococcal infection, such as **strep throat**.

vegetations

irregular collections of platelets, fibrin, and bacteria

stenosis

when the valves become **scarred** and **narrowed**

arrhythmia

any type of irregularity in the rate or rhythm of the heart

bradycardia

arrhythmia in which the heart beats too slow

fibrillation

arrhythmia in which there is a very fast, uncoordinated **quivering** of the myocardium (blood **not** being pumped)

flutter

arrhythmia in which there is a very **fast** but **regular** rhythm of the atria or ventricles (blood is being pumped)

heart block

arrhythmia in which electrical impulses cannot travel normally from the SA node to the Purkinje fibers

tachycardia

arrhythmia in which there is a fast but regular rhythm

asystole

complete absence of a heartbeat

palpitation

an uncomfortable sensation felt in the chest during an arrhythmia

aneurysm

area of dilation and weakness in the wall of an artery (ballooning)

dissecting aneurysm

an aneurysm that enlarger by tunneling between the layers of the artery wall

arteriosclerosis

progressive degenerative changes that produce a narrowed, hardened **artery**

atheroma

a deposit of **plaque** on or within the arterial wall

bruit

abnormal **blowing** or **swishing** sound heard during auscultation or an artery or organ

coronary artery disease (CAD)

arteriosclerosis of the coronary arteries

hyperlipidemia

elevated levels of lipids in the blood

hypercholesterolemia

elevated level of cholesterol in the blood

hypertriglyceridemia

elevated lever of triglycerides in the blood

hypertension (HTN)

elevated blood pressure

hypotension

blood pressure lower than 90/60, usually because of a loss in blood volume