intro to memory

task switching

task switching

doing one task at a time is more efficient than multitasking (latter more slow and easy to make mistakes)

memory

the ability to store and retrieve information after some time has passed

semantic memory

memory that allows for cognitive processes
contains general knowledge and information

episodic memory

memory of personal past experiences

retention

storing information in the memory

recall

coming up with learned information without any prompts

recognition

seeing info and identifying correct answer

information processing model

information forms in a specific order
only one process occurs at a given time

retrieval

process of regaining the information stored in memory

parallel processing

when two or more separate operations are happening at the same time and functioning independently of one another

three stage memory model

sensory memory → attention→ working/short-term memory →encoding → ← retrieval ←long term memory

maintenance rehearsal

repeating an action over again to encode it into memory
not most effective way of learning

shallow processing

processing basic information without much attention to detail

deep processing

processing information with strong intent and attention

elaborative rehearsal

when you try to make associations between info you already know and info u are trying to learn

automatic processing

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings

effortful processing

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

metacognition

 an awareness of our thinking processes
an understanding of what we know

iconic memory

fleeting visual images

echoic memory

auditory signals

short-term memory

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten

working memory

 a newer understanding of a short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

long-term memory

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences

prospective memory

 remembering to perform actions in the future

retrospective memory

remembering events from the past or previously learned information

implicit memory

nondeclarative
retention independent of conscious recollection; memories located in basal ganglia and cerebellum
eg. muscle memory, riding a bike, remembering the words to a popular song after hearing the first few notes

explicit memory

declarative
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"

flashbulb memories

refer to emotionally intense events that become “burned in” as a vivid-seeming memory