Apush Unit 7 Vocab

WW1, WW1 1ST, Great Depression, Roaring 20's, + Progressive Era

16th Amendment

allows Congress to levy a tax on income from any source without apportioning it among the states and without regard to the census.

17th Amendment

mandates the direct election of US Senators by the people of each state, essentially taking the power to choose senators away from state legislatures and giving it directly to voters

18th Amendment

the constitutional amendment that established nationwide prohibition in the United States, effectively banning the manufacture, sale, and transportation of intoxicating liquors,

19th Amendment

the constitutional amendment that granted women the right to vote, prohibiting any state or the federal government from denying citizens the right to vote based on sex

Roosevelt Corollary

stated that not only were the nations of the Western Hemisphere not open to colonization by European powers, but that the United States had the responsibility to preserve order and protect life and property in those countries.

Dollar Diplomacy

the practice of promising American financial support, either through federal loans or private business participation, in other countries

Bull Moose Party

A 3rd party known for taking advanced positions on progressive reforms and attracting national reformers.

Underwood Tariff

lowered average tariff rates from about 40 percent to about 27 percent and reintroduced a federal income tax.

Federal Reserve Act

created a national currency and a monetary system that could respond effectively to the stresses in the banking system and create a stable financial system

Clayton Antitrust Act

prevented unfair methods of competition. Including, banning the practices of price discrimination and anti-competitive mergers, the new law also declared strikes, boycotts, and labor unions legal under federal law.

Federal Trade Commission Act

United States federal law which established the Federal Trade Commission. Signed into law by Woodrow Wilson in 1914 and outlaws unfair methods of competition and unfair acts or practices that affect commerce.

14 Point Plan

a statement of principles for peace that was to be used for peace negotiations in order to end World War I. speech on war aims and peace terms to the United States Congress by President Woodrow Wilson.

German submarine warfare

Tactic used by Germany during World War I, primarily through their U-boats, where they attacked merchant ships without warning, mostly with the US

Great Migration

The migration of African Americans from the rural South to the industrial North, which held promises of jobs, during and after World War I.

League of Nations

an international organization established after World War I, proposed by President Woodrow Wilson as part of his "Fourteen Points," aiming to prevent future wars through diplomacy and collective security, but ultimately failed

National War Labor Board

a government agency established during World War designed to mediate labor disputes and prevent strikes that could disrupt war production by negotiating fair wages and working conditions between labor unions and management

Neutrality

U.S original stance during WW1 representing a continuity in america's foreign policy, and an interest for keeping as many trade paths open as possible.

Schenck Case

landmark Supreme Court case where the court allows the government to restrict speech that could pose a significant threat to national security, particularly during wartime

Treaty of Versailles

the peace treaty that officially ended World War I, where Germany was forced to accept blame for the war, pay large reparations, cede territory, and significantly reduce its military. NOT SIGNED BY US

War of Industries Board

a government agency established during WWI that was responsible for coordinating the production of war materials by setting priorities, fixing prices, and standardizing products to ensure the efficient economy to support the war effort

Zimmermann Telegram

message sent by German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmermann during World War I, proposing an alliance with Mexico to attack the United States if America entered the war

Liberty Loan

a program where the US government sold war bonds, called "Liberty Bonds," to the public during World War I, essentially allowing citizens to loan money to the government to finance the war effort

Open Shop

a workplace where an employee is not required to join a union as a condition of employment. meaning, employers in an open shop cannot discriminate against workers based on whether they are unionized or not

Palmer Raids

a series of government actions where authorities arrested and deported suspected radicals, particularly anarchists and communists

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

The RFC's use of trickle-down economic theory benefited those at the top of the economy, such as banks, railroads, and business owners, by lending money

Scopes Monkey Trial

prosecution of a criminal action brought by the state of Tennessee against high school teacher John T. Scopes for violating the state's Butler Act, which prohibited the teaching of evolution in public schools.

Stock Market Crash

refers to the dramatic decline in stock prices. that triggered the great depression as massive economic downturn due to widespread panic selling

Teapot Dome Scandal

a major political corruption scandal where the Secretary of the Interior, Albert Bacon Fall, illegally leased government oil reserves

Red Scare

a period in American history marked by widespread fear of communism and radical leftist ideologies, leading to government persecution of individuals suspected of being communist

Installment Plan

a method of purchasing goods by making a series of small, regular payments over a period of time, essentially allowing consumers to buy items on credit and pay them off gradually

Model T

this car was the first affordable automobile that brought car ownership to the masses.

Jazz

defining feature of the 1920s, influenced American culture in many ways, including music, dance, fashion, and women's rights.

Isolationism

a foreign policy stance where a nation chooses to minimize involvement in international affairs and conflicts, focusing primarily on domestic issues, essentially trying to remain detached from other nations political and military entanglements

McNary-Haugen bill

a controversial plan in the 1920s to hep American agriculture by raising the domestic prices of five crops. The plan was for the government to buy each crop and then store it or export it at a loss.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

a US government agency that insures bank deposits. It was created in 1933 during the Great Depression to restore public confidence in the banking system.

Federal Emergency Relief Administration

a New Deal agency established in 1933 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to provide direct financial assistance to the unemployed and impoverished during the Great Depression.

Federal Housing Administration

United States government agency created to help the people. made by banks and other private lenders for home building and home buying.

Fireside Chats

Roosevelt's radio talks about issues and public concerns that were made to feel relaxing and personal

Franklin Roosevelt

32nd President of the United States, who served during the Great Depression. aimed at providing relief, recovery, and reform to the nation. only president to serve 4 terms

Frazier-Lemke Farm

legislation passed during the Great Depression to protect struggling farmers from foreclosure by allowing them to temporarily delay mortgage payments and eventually buy back their land at a lower price.

Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act

law that separated commercial banking from investment banking, aiming to prevent risky practices that contributed to the Great Depression. helped stabilize the financial system.

Great Depression

a severe economic downturn that lasted from 1929 to the late 1930s. It was the worst economic crisis in U.S. history

Hooverville

homeless encampment built during the Great Depression. The term was used to describe the makeshift shelters of people who lost their homes and livelihoods due to the economic crisis.

Keynesian Economics

an economic theory that advocates for government intervention in the economy through increased spending during economic downturns to stimulate demand and promote recovery

Indian Reorganization Act

legislation passed in 1934 that marked a significant shift in US policy towards Native Americans, aiming to reverse assimilation policies by restoring tribal sovereignty and self-governance.

National Recovery Administration

a key New Deal agency created in 1933 that aimed to stimulate economic recovery during the Great Depression by promoting fair competition and establishing labor rights.

New Deal

A series of programs and reforms introduced by Roosevelt aimed at providing relief, recovery, and reform to combat the effects of the Great Depression

Reciprocal trade agreements

a law passed that granted Roosevelt the power to negotiate and lower tariffs with other countries but those countries would also have to lower their tariffs on American goods

Scottsboro Nine

nine young African American men who were falsely accused of raping two white women on a train in Scottsboro, Alabama

Second Agricultural Adjustment Act

a revised version of the original Agricultural Adjustment Act, part of Roosevelt's New Deal that aimed to raise farm prices by paying farmers to reduce their crop production and limit livestock numbers

Securities Exchange Commission

a U.S. government agency established as part of the New Deal to regulate the stock market, protect investors, and ensure fair trading practices by enforcing securities laws

Share Our Wealth

a political program during the Great Depression, advocating for a redistribution of wealth by taxing the rich and providing a guaranteed minimum income to every American family, aiming to "share the wealth" more evenly across the US

Social Security Act

a New Deal legislation that established a system of federal old-age benefits for retired workers, unemployment insurance, and welfare programs for the disabled and needy

Soil Conservation Act

aimed to prevent soil erosion by providing financial incentives to farmers to plant crops that preserved soil health instead of those that depleted it

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

A relief program that built dams, controlled flooding, and brought electricity, and agricultural and industrial development to rural areas in the Tennessee Valley

Wagner Act

guaranteed workers the right to form unions, engage in collective bargaining, and established the National Labor Relations Board to oversee these processes, essentially protecting workers from employer interference in union activities

Works Progress Administration

the largest and most ambitious New Deal agency, this created jobs and public works projects during the Great Depression (for mostly men)

Alfred T. Mahn

Navy officer whose ideas on naval warfare and the importance of sea-power changed how America viewed its navy. and he wrote "The influence of Sea Power upon History"

Imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically.

Yellow Journalism

Yellow journalism was a style of newspaper reporting that emphasized sensationalism over facts. It helped push the US and Spain into war in Cuba and the Philippines, leading to the acquisition of overseas territory by the US.

U.S.S. Maine

a United States Navy battleship that sank in Havana Harbor. This event played a crucial role in escalating tensions between the United States and Spain, ultimately leading to the outbreak of the Spanish-American War.

De Lome Letter

This letter, written by the Spanish Ambassador to the United States, Enrique Dupuy de Lôme, criticized American President William McKinley by calling him weak and concerned only with gaining the favor of the crowd.

Teller Amendment

an amendment to this declaration which declared that when the United States had overthrown Spanish rule of Cuba it would give the Cubans their freedom.

Platt Amendment

This amendment gave the US the right to take over the Island of Cuba if that country entered into a treaty or debt that might place its freedom in danger. This amendment also gave the U.S. the right to put a naval base in Cuba to protect it and the US holdings in the Caribbean.

Treaty of Paris (1898

Ended military rule and established a formal colonial government. Treaty of Paris (1898) Brought a formal end to the Spanish-American war. It confirmed the terms of the armistice concerning Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Guam.

Foraker Act

a law passed in 1900 which established a colonial government in Puerto Rico, taking away their independence. it had gained control over Puerto Rico as a part of the peace treaty that ended the Spanish-American War

Insular Cases

Created by Congress, which allowed the United States to continue its administration, and exploitation of the territories acquired from Spain after the Spanish-American War. It declaredthat Puerto Ricans and Filipinos might be subject to American rule.

Open Door Notes

each great power should maintain free access to a treaty port or to any other vested interest within its sphere, only the Chinese government should collect taxes on trade, and no great power having a sphere should be granted exemptions from paying harbour dues

Progressivism

The movement in the late 1800s to increase democracy in America by curbing the power of the corporation.

Settlement House

community centers established in urban areas during the late 19th and early 20th centuries to provide social services, education, and support to immigrant families and the poor

Social Gospel

a religious movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that aimed to apply Christian ethics to social problems, particularly issues like poverty, inequality, and labor rights.

Mueller v. Oregon

one of the most important U.S. Supreme Court cases of the Progressive Era, upheld an Oregon law limiting the workday for female wage earners to ten hours.

National American Woman Suffrage Association

the largest and most important suffrage organization in the United States, and was the primary promoter of women's right to vote.

NAACP

helped dismantle Jim Crow laws and pushed for civil rights legislation. The organization emphasized education and voter registration as essential tools for empowering African Americans

Industrial Workers of the world

this group significantly shaped labor movements in the post-World War I era by promoting ideas of solidarity among all workers regardless of skill level or trade.

Muckrakers

journalists and novelists of the Progressive Era who sought to expose corruption in big business and government. name given in a harmful light by the U.S gov

Upton Sinclair

prominent "muckraking" journalist and novelist from the early 20th century, most famous for his book "The Jungle," which exposed the horrific and unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry, leading to significant food safety reforms like the Pure Food and Drug Act

Jacob Riis

recognized as a prominent journalist and social reformer who used photography to expose the harsh living conditions of the poor in New York City's tenement slums, most notably through his book "How the Other Half Lives," which significantly contributed to the Progressive Era reform movement

Pure Food and Drug Act

a piece of legislation passed in 1906 that prohibited the sale of adulterated and misbranded food and drugs in interstate commerce.

Meat Inspection Act

a federal law passed in 1906 that mandated government inspection of meatpacking plants to ensure sanitary conditions and prevent the sale of adulterated or misbranded meat products.

Recall

refers to a political process where voters can initiate a special election to remove an elected official from office before their term ends

Initiative

a political process where citizens can directly propose new legislation by gathering signatures on a petition, which then can be placed on a ballot for voters to decide on

Referendum

a direct vote by the electorate on a proposed law or policy, allowing citizens to directly approve or reject a measure that has been passed by the legislature

Direct Democracy

a system of government where citizens directly vote on laws and policies, rather than electing representatives to make decisions on their behalf

Trust Busting

nickname for government actions aimed at breaking up monopolies and large business trusts that control too much of a market,

Square Deal

Roosevelts domestic policy agenda, which focused on achieving fairness for all Americans by regulating corporations, protecting consumers, and conserving natural resources

Conservation

a political and social movement that aimed to protect and manage natural resources, like forests, wildlife, and land, by promoting sustainable use and preventing their depletion

Espionage Act

a law passedduring WW1 that criminalized the act of gathering or sharing information related to national defense that could potentially harm the country or benefit its enemies

Sedition Act

a law that restricted free speech during World War I. It was passed as an amendment to the Espionage Act of 1917.

Selective Service Act

a law passed that allowed the U.S. gov to draft men between the ages of 21 and 30 into the military, primarily to support the American war effort in World War I

American Expeditionary Force

refers to the United States military contingent sent to Europe during World War I, primarily under the command of General John J. Pershing.

American Plan

a plan used by employers, particularly during the Red Scare, to resist unionization by refusing to recognize or negotiate with labor unions

Black Tuesday

the day the stock market crashed, marking the beginning of the Great Depression; its characterized by a widespread panic selling of stocks, leading to a significant drop in stock prices

Cultural Pluralists

societal model where multiple distinct cultural groups coexist peacefully within a larger society, while maintaining their unique cultural identities. creates a broader community.

Dawes Plan

a financial arrangement established in 1924 that aimed to help Germany recover from World War I by restructuring its reparation payments, allowing for a more manageable schedule and stabilizing its economy through loans from the United States

Emergency Quota Act of 1921

legislation that established the first numerical limits on immigration to the United States, restricting the number of immigrants allowed from each country based on a percentage of that nationality already living in the U.S

Equal Rights Amendment

a proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution that aimed to guarantee equal legal rights for all citizens regardless of sex, essentially seeking to eliminate legal distinctions between men and women.

Flapper

a young woman in the 1920s who embraced a lifestyle of increased freedom and independence, challenging traditional gender norms by wearing short dresses, bobbing their hair, smoking in public, and participating actively in the nightlif

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

a law passed in 1922 that significantly raised tariffs on imported goods, aiming to protect American industries and farms from foreign competition, essentially enacting a protectionist policy during the post-WWI era;

Harlem Renaissance

a significant cultural and artistic movement centered in Harlem, New York City during the 1920s, where African American writers, musicians, artists, and intellectuals expressed their experiences and identity