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Ndongo
A kingdom in present-day Angola resisting Portuguese colonization in the 17th century.
Matamba
A powerful African state founded by Ana Nzinga in the 17th century.
Black Sea
A body of water in Eastern Europe significant for trade and military campaigns during the 17th century.
Steppe
Vast grasslands in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, home to nomadic peoples and Cossacks.
Maratha Empire
A Hindu-led state in India that emerged from resistance against Mughal rule in the late 17th century.
Mirs
Village communes in Russia that regulated serfdom and controlled peasant movements.
Ana Nzinga
A 17th-century African queen known for her resistance against Portuguese colonial forces.
Yemelyan Pugachev
A leader of a peasant rebellion against Catherine the Great in 1774 in Russia.
Queen Nanny
A leader of the Maroons in Jamaica, recognized as a national hero for her resistance against British enslavement.
James II
Catholic king of England whose policies led to the Glorious Revolution in 1688.
William of Orange
Protestant prince who led the overthrow of James II during the Glorious Revolution in England.
Mary II
Joint monarch with William of Orange, daughter of James II, who ruled England post-Glorious Revolution.
Mohegan
An Indigenous people of Connecticut involved in various conflicts with European colonizers.
Pequot
An Indigenous tribe of New England known for their conflict with English settlers.
Wampanoag
Native American tribe in New England that led resistance efforts in Metacom’s War against English colonization.
Fronde
Series of civil disturbances in France during the 1640s against government authority.
Metacom’s War
A conflict in the 1670s between Native Americans and British settlers in New England, marking a significant resistance effort.
Pugachev Rebellion
A failed peasant revolt in Russia against the nobility and government in 1774.
Pueblo Revolt
An uprising in 1680 by Indigenous peoples against Spanish colonial rule in present-day New Mexico.
Maroon wars
Conflicts in Jamaica during the 18th century between escaped enslaved people and British forces.
Gloucester County Rebellion
A 1663 rebellion led by enslaved Africans and white indentured servants in Virginia seeking freedom.
Glorious Revolution
A peaceful transition of power in England in 1688 that established Protestant rule and Parliamentary strength.
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