BERNSTEIN PHSC 2303 Circulation

veins run deeper than arteries (true or false)

false (arteries run deeper than veins)

veins have valves which promotes ____________ flow

unidirectional

movement of blood through the arteries

arterial circulation

volumes of blood in the cardiovascular system (percent):

heart

7

volumes of blood in the cardiovascular system (percent):

arteries

13

volumes of blood in the cardiovascular system (percent):

arterioles/capillaries

7

veins

64

volumes of blood in the cardiovascular system (percent):

pulmonary circulation

9

almost all blood in organism is found where

veins

three parts of the morphology of arteries and veins

tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia

morphology of arteries and veins:

endothelium of the blood vessels and loose connective tissue

tunica intima (tunica interna)

morphology of arteries and veins:

smooth muscles, elastic tissue, and collagen

tunica media (tunica muscularis)

morphology of arteries and veins:

connective fibrous tissue; sometimes connects with small nerves

tunica adventitia (tunica externa)

arteries have thick/thin walls and a small/large diameter for blood vessels

thick, small

veins have thick/thin walls and a small/large diameter for blood vessels

thin, large

conduit blood and high pressure reservoir are functions of the large ____________

arteries

Site where the velocity of blood flow is fastest.

Site where the blood pressure is greatest.

large arteries

The pressure of the blood against the arterial walls.

arterial pressure

what is needed to find mean arterial pressure

diastolic pressure and systolic pressure

what i pulse pressure

systolic pressure - diastolic pressure

for the test, finding mean arterial pressure what formula does Bernstein use

systolic pressure + diastolic pressure / 2

normal blood pressure (arterial blood pressure)

120/80 mmhg

pressure in left ventricle before turning into 120/80 mmhg

120/0 mmhg

pressure change from 120/0 mmhg in the left ventricle to 120/80 mmhg in the arterial system due to what

elasticity

cross-sectional areas in the circulation (cm^2):

aorta

2.5

cross-sectional areas in the circulation (cm^2):

small arteries

20

cross-sectional areas in the circulation (cm^2):

arterioles

40

cross-sectional areas in the circulation (cm^2):

capillaries

2500

cross-sectional areas in the circulation (cm^2):

venules

250

cross-sectional areas in the circulation (cm^2):

small vein

80

cross-sectional areas in the circulation (cm^2):

vena cava

8

what is the velocity in the arota

1000 mm/s

what is the velocity in the capillary

1 mm/s

what is the velocity in the venule

10 mm/s

to find the mass, times ______ and _______

surface area, volume

average pressure in circulation (mmHg):

aorta

100

average pressure in circulation (mmHg):

large arteries

97

average pressure in circulation (mmHg):

small arteries

87

average pressure in circulation (mmHg):

beginning of arterioles

85

average pressure in circulation (mmHg):

end of arterioles

30

average pressure in circulation (mmHg):

capillary (arterial end)

30

average pressure in circulation (mmHg):

capillary (venous end)

10

average pressure in circulation (mmHg):

venules

10

average pressure in circulation (mmHg):

large veins

0

V (velocity of blood flow) = what

Q/A

V = Q/A

V stands for:

velocity (cm/s)

V = Q/A

Q stands for:

Flow (ml/s)

V = Q/A

A stands for:

cross-sectional area (cm^2)

equation for A (cross-sectional area)

pi r^2

the greatest resistance in the cardiovascular system is found between where

beginning of arterioles to end of arterioles

the region between the beginning of arterioles and end of arterioles is the region for regulation in the ____________________ system

cardiovascular

what three things has its affect in between the beginning and end of arterioles

ANS, hormones, and drugs

what are the two major pharmacological targets

heart and arteriole

energy of the heart is lost where

arterial system

laws of physics and circulation

Ohm's law, poiseuille's law, turbulent and laminar flow, laplace's law

universal law, operates in electricity

Q = P/R

Ohm's Law

what is the equation for Ohm's law

Q = P/R

Ohm's law

Q stands for

flow

what does P stand for in Ohm's law

pressure

what does R stand for in Ohm's law

resistance

how to find R

R = BP/CO

cardiac output equation

blood pressure/resistance

cardiovascular system is an open or closed system

closed

Ohm's law in circulation can be in _______ or in ________

series, parallel

resistance to blood flow in series:

R total =

R1 + R2 + R3...

resistance to blood flow in parallel:

1/R total =

1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3...

what are the physical characteristics of blood

hematocrit, plasma proteins, and blood viscosity

viscosity of water

1

viscosity of plasma

1.8 (due to the presence of plasma proteins)

viscosity of blood

3-5

increase in plasma proteins and an increase in hematocrit ____________ viscosity

increases

percentage of blood occupied by red blood cells

hematocrit

decrease in plasma proteins and decrease in hematocrit _____________ viscosity

decreases

hematocrit, plasma protein, and viscosity affects what

cardiac output (blood flow)

blood viscosity is mostly determined by the _______________

hematocrit

what is the ratio of red blood cells volume to the total blood volume

hematocrit

the higher the hematocrit, the ____________ the viscosity of the blood

greater

Q = (piΔPr^4)/(8nl)

Poiseuille's law in circulation

what is the equation for Poiseuille's law

(piΔPr^4)/(8nl)

what does change in P stand for in Poiseuille's law

change in pressure between the arterial and venous end of the vessel

what does r stand for in Poiseuille's law

radius of the blood velocity

what does n stand for in Poiseuille's law

viscosity

what does l stand for in Poiseuille's law

vessel length

According to Poiseuille's law, what three major factors affect blood flow?

radius, viscosity, and length

poiseuille law:

radius of the blood vessel is in the power of ________; thus small changes of the radius may significantly affect the resistance to the blood flow

four

what of the blood flow is the most important factor affecting blood flow resistance

radius

the length of blood vessels changes only during individual vasculature growth. under normal physiological conditions length is _____________

constant

(piΔPr^4) stands for what

pressure

(8nl) stands for what

resistance

increase in the change in pressure and an increase in the radius increases or decreases flow

increases

decrease in change in pressure and decrease in radius increases or decreases flow

decreases

includes smooth tubes and low rates of flow with the greatest flow in the center of the tube; close to zero near the vessel wall and flow directly proportional to pressure

laminar flow

laminar flow has the greatest flow on the sides of the tube (true or false)

false (center of the tube)

laminar flow is indirectly proportional to pressure (true or false)

false (flow is directly proportional to pressure (linear relationship))

angle of the laminar flow is less than what

25 degrees

rough tubes, high velocity of flow, flow through bends, narrowing, and orifices

turbulent flow

resistance to flow is higher during turbulence (true or false)

true

what is the relationship between turbulent flow and pressure

nolinear

german physiologist that came up with fick's law, cardiac output, plethysmograph, and tonometer

(Adolf Eugen) Fick

an angle greater than 25 results in what type of flow

turbulent