English Linguistics for Tourism and Commerce Vocabulary

Flashcards covering key vocabulary from the lecture notes on 'English Linguistics for Tourism and Commerce'. Topics include implicatures, conversational properties, cancellability, non-detachability, calculability, non-conventionality, reinforceability, universality, maxims, speech act theory, felicity conditions, and more.

Cancellability

The property of conversational implicatures that allows them to disappear if they are inconsistent with semantic entailment, real-world knowledge, or contexts.

Non-detachability

A synonym for conversational implicature. It's another property, where implicatures are attached to the semantic content of an utterance and not to the exact wording.

Calculability

A property of conversational implicatures where we can derive implicatures from the cooperative principle and its maxims.

Non-conventionality

The property of conversational implicatures referring to the fact that they are not coded in the text but associated with the speaker's meaning.

Reinforceability

A property of conversational implicature where implicatures can be made explicit without creating redundancy.

Universality

A property of conversational implicature where the question arises whether they are universal or specific to cultures.

Violation of a Maxim

When speakers intentionally do not apply a maxim in their conversation to cause misunderstanding or to achieve some other purpose.

Overtly Flouting a Maxim

When a speaker overtly disregards a maxim in a way that is very clear to the addressee, conveying an extra message.

Opting out of a Maxim

When speakers opt out of a maxim, for example, by hedging to evade the risk of commitment.

Performatives

Utterances that are used to do things or perform acts.

Explicit Performatives

Performative utterances that contain a performative verb that makes explicit the kind of act performed.

Implicit Performatives

Performative utterances where there is no explicit performative verb

Felicity Conditions

The conditions that a performative must meet to be successful or felicitous.

Misfire

A case where a performative does not achieve its intended effect due to a violation of felicity conditions.

Locutionary Act

The production of a meaningful expression.

Illocutionary Act

The action intended to be performed by a speaker in uttering a linguistic expression.

Perlocutionary Act

The consequences or the effects on the audience through the uttering of an illocutionary act.

Cooperative Principle

The principle stating 'Make your conversational contribution such as is required' during a talk exchange.

Quality (Maxim Category)

The category of maxims related to truthfulness, including 'Do not say what you believe is false' and 'Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence'.

Quantity (Maxim Category)

Category of maxims related to the amount of information, including 'Make your contribution as informative as is required' and 'Do not make your contribution more informative than is required'.

Manner (Maxim Category)

Category of maxims related to clarity and order, including 'Avoid obscurity', 'Avoid ambiguity', 'Be brief', and 'Be orderly'.

Relation (Maxim Category)

Category of maxims related to relevance, with the primary maxim being 'Be relevant'.

Explicature

An inferential development of an incomplete logical form or representations encoded in the utterance

Disambiguation (Explicature)

Selection of one sense out of various potential senses provided by the linguistic system.

Reference Resolution (Explicature)

Assigning an appropriate contextual value to the relevant anaphoric expression.

Direct Speech Act

When the speech act intended is transparent and explicitly stated.

Indirect Speech Act

When there is a disconnection between the grammatical form of an utterance and its intended function.

Face-Threatening Acts (FTAs)

Speech acts such as complaints, requests or warnings that threat one's face, either positive or negative.

Physical Context

The setting which refers to the physical environment of the utterance that systematically used.

Linguistic Context

The context which refers to the surrounding utterances in the same conversation or written text.

General Knowledge Context

A context where common knowledge or general knowledge is applied.

Implicature

Aspects of utterance meaning that are not part of the propositional content.

Conventional Implicature

A type of implicature based on the meaning of certain linguistic expressions, such as 'yet,' 'even,' and 'moreover.'

Conversational Implicature

A type of implicature dependent on a general cooperative principle.

Pragmatic Analysis

The name/topic from where the lesson is inspired from.