🧠 Neuroimaging Q&A — Concise Edition

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33 Terms

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  1. What is the purpose of neuroimaging?

To study the structure and function of the brain.

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WADA / IAT

  1. What is the WADA test?

A test that anesthetizes one hemisphere to determine language dominance.

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  1. Why is the WADA test used?

To identify language hemisphere, memory ability, and seizure side before epilepsy surgery.

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  1. What happens when the dominant hemisphere is injected?

Aphasia occurs.

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CT

  1. What does CT measure?

Tissue density with rotating x-rays.

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  1. What appears white vs. black on CT?

White = dense; Black = less dense.

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  1. Advantages of CT?

Fast, shows hemorrhage and bone, low cost.

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  1. Disadvantages of CT?

Poor early ischemia detail; radiation exposure.

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MRI

  1. What does MRI measure?

Energy from relaxing protons in a magnetic field.

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  1. Advantages of MRI?

High detail; good soft-tissue contrast.

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  1. Disadvantages of MRI?

Slow, costly, poor acute hemorrhage view, claustrophobic.

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fMRI

  1. What does fMRI measure?

Blood oxygenation changes (BOLD).

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  1. Key assumption of fMRI?

Active areas need more oxygen/blood flow.

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  1. What is the BOLD effect?

Increase in oxyhemoglobin during activation.

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  1. How long until BOLD response peaks?

2–3 seconds.

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  1. What does fMRI show about language areas?

Left IFG active for semantic and phonological tasks.

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Language Networks (Vigneau et al., 2006)

  1. Main conclusion from Vigneau et al.?

Language uses distributed networks, not modules.

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  1. IFG supports which processes?

Phonological + semantic.

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  1. Pars opercularis supports which process?

Syntax.

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  1. Posterior STG supports what?

Sentence/text processing.

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PET

  1. What does PET measure?

Radioactive tracer uptake → blood flow.

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  1. What analysis does PET use?

Subtraction paradigm.

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  1. Key PET language finding?

Strong left hemisphere dominance.

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PET Language Findings

  1. Which area responds to intelligible sentences?

Left anterior STG.

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  1. What does anterior temporal lobe support?

Single-word semantics.

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SPECT

  1. What does SPECT measure?

3D blood flow/metabolism via gamma camera.

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  1. What is SPECT used for?

Patterns linked to neurological/psychiatric conditions.

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rTMS

  1. What does rTMS do?

Creates temporary virtual lesions via magnetic pulses.

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  1. What did early rTMS language studies show?

Left IFG stimulation disrupted speech.

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  1. Is rTMS effective for aphasia?

Most studies show positive effects.

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ERP

  1. What does ERP measure?

Electrical activity via EEG.

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  1. What is the oddball paradigm?

Detects brain responses to unexpected stimuli.

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  1. What do early vs. late ERP components represent?

Early = sensory; Late = perceptual/cognitive.