the skull lecture notes

what are the two visible junctions and which sutures meet there

bregma - the coronal and saggital sutures meet

lambda - the saggital and lambdoid sutures meet

what does the calvaria consist of?

an external and internal layer of compact bone separated by diploe

what is the diploe what specific bone does it have within it, what is special about it regarding canals?

cancellous bone which contains red bone marrow. The diploe has canals formed from the passing of diploic veins

what bones make up the calvaria 

frontal bone 

parietal bones 

occipital bone

how many sutures does the calvaria have, name them and the bones they connect

3 

lamboid suture - connects the occipital bone to the parietal bones 

saggital - connects the two parietal bones 

coronal - connects the frontal bone to the parietal bones 

the frontal crest serves as an attachment for what?

falx cerebri

what is the longitudinal groove found in the anterior cranial fossa called (behind the frontal crest) ?

the groove for the superior saggital sinus

the margins of the superior saggital sinus provide attachment to what? 

the falx cerebri 

the falx cerebri are attached to what?

the margins of the superior saggittal sinus and the frontal crest

on each side of the superior saggital sinus there are several depressions what are these depressions called and how are they formed? 

granular foveolae formed by the arachnoid granulations 

what is a sinus?

A space in the dura matter that collects venous blood from the brain and drains it towards the internal jugular vein

what parts make up the superior border of the orbit? (the roof)

the orbital surface of the frontal bone (anterior part)

the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone (the posterior part)

anterolaterally a depression formed by the lacrimal gland

what makes up the medial border of the orbit?

the body of the sphenoid

the frontal process of the maxilla

the lacrimal bone

the orbital plate of the ethmoidal bone

what makes up the lateral border of the orbit?

the greater wing of the sphenoid bone

the orbital surface of the zygomatic bone

what makes up the inferior border of the orbit?

the orbital process of the palatine bone

the orbital surface of the body of the maxilla

what makes up the roof of the maxillary sinus? 

the same structures that make up the inferior border (floor) of the orbit 

• orbital surface of the body of the maxilla 

• orbital process of the palatine bone 

what bones form the orbit

• frontal bone

• ethmoid bone

• lacrimal bone

• maxilla

• palatine

• zygomatic

• sphenoid

where is the superior orbital fissure found?

between the lesser and greater wings of the sphenoid bone

which bones form the major part of the viscerocranium? 

the jaws 

what bones make up the jaws?

the mandible

the maxillae - 2 paired bones

which bones form the upper jaw?

the maxillae

which bones form the lower jaw? 

the mandible

which bone contains the maxillary sinus?

the maxilla

the maxilla contains which sinus?

the maxillary sinus

the maxilla take part in the formation of which structures? 

the orbital cavity, nasal cavity, hard palate 

label the parts including the arrow

A - frontal process

B - zygomatic process

C - alveolar process

D - anterior nasal spine

E - canine fossa

J - jugal crest

pointed arrow - infraorbital foramen

label the parts including the arrow

arrow - infraorbital foramen 

A - frontal process of maxilla 

B - zygomatic process of maxilla 

C - alveolar process 

D - anterior nasal spine 

E - canine fossa 

F - orbital plate of maxilla 

G - jugal crest 

what is the name of the suture that connects the alveolar processes of the two maxilla? and where is this suture?

The intermaxillary suture, located at the midline of the hard palate.

the two maxillae diverge laterally to form what opening? 

the piriform aperture which is the bony edge around the nostrils 

at the lower border of the piriform aperture in the midline there lies a bony projection termed as what?

the anterior nasal spine

the malar surface of the maxillae is concave, forming what structure? 

the canine fossa 

superiorly the malar surface is continuous with what structure?

The malar surface of the maxillae is continuous with the orbital plate of the maxilla and forms the floor of the orbit superiorly

what structure of the maxilla is found anteriorly to the orbital plate of the maxilla?

the frontal process of the maxilla

the frontal process of the maxilla extends to where? 

the frontal process extends above the piriform aperture and meets the frontal and nasal bones 

what are the processes and surfaces that make up the maxillae? 

Surfaces;

• infratemporal surface

the posterolateral surface of the maxilla (also known as the infratemporal surface) forms the anterior wall of what structure? 

the infratemporal fossa 

what structure makes up the anterior wall of the infratemporal fossa?

the posterolateral surface of the maxilla

the malar and infratemporal surfaces of the maxilla meet at a bony ridge extending from the zygotmatic process to the alveolus adjacent to the first molar tooth known as?

zygomatico-alveolar crest or the jugal crest

on which process of the maxilla is the jugal crest or the zygomatico-alveolar crest found? 

the zygomatic process 

the malar and infratemporal surfaces of the maxilla meet adjacent to which alveolus?

the alveolus adjacent to the first molar tooth

the posterior convexity of the infratemporal surface of the maxilla is termed as?

the maxillary tuberosity

the maxillary tuberosity has what on it? / presents what?

alveolar foramina 

what is associated with the alveolar foramina? (what does the alveolar foramina transmit?)

posterior superior alveolar nerves

the posterior superior alveolar nerves supply what?

the posterior maxillary teeth

the palatine processes of the maxillae arise as what? 

horizontal plates 

the horizontal plates of the palatine processes of the maxillae is located where?

in the junction between the body of the maxillae and the alveolar processes of the maxillae

label the parts of the hard palate

label the diagram + what is the role of the interdental bony septa ?

A - buccal alveolar plate

B - palatal alveolar plate

C - interdental bony septa - separates the alveolar sockets

D - inter-radicular septum between the buccal roots of the 1st permanent molar

E -  alveolar socket or dental alveolus 

the medial wall of the maxilla forms the border of which structure?

lateral wall of the nose

how is the nasolacimal canal formed?

the lacrimal groove meets the lower edge of the lacrimal bone and with the maxilla form the nasolacrimal canal

name the labelled parts 

A - lacrimal groove 

B - palatine process of maxilla 

C - maxillary sinus 

name the surfaces of the maxilla

• nasal surface

• orbital surface

• facial surface

• infratemporal surface

name the processes of the maxilla

• the frontal process

• the zygomatic process

• the palatine process

• alveolar process

what two fossae are formed by the maxilla? 

• the infratemporal fossa 

• pterygopalatine fossa 

what is the shape of the maxillary sinus?

pyramidal shaped

what is the largest paranasal sinus?

the maxillary sinus

what fills the maxillary? 

air, its an air filled sinus 

what lines the maxillary sinus?

mucusa - the tissue lining that lines organs and body cavities and produces mucus

what cavity does the maxillary sinus connect to?

the nasal cavity

where is the maxillary sinus located? which part of which bone?

the body of the maxilla

the medial wall of the maxillary sinus forms what? 

the lateral wall of the nasal cavity 

the apex of the maxillary sinus extends into what process of the maxilla? 

the zygomatic process of maxilla 

the roof of the maxillary sinus forms what structure partly?

the floor of the orbit

the floor of the maxillary sinus is formed by what structures? 

the alveolar processes and partly the palatine process of the maxilla 

the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus makes up what surface?

the fascial surface of the maxilla

the posterior wall of the maxillary sinus forms which surface? 

the infratemporal surface of the maxilla 

the ostium (opening) of the maxillary sinus is located on which wall? 

the medial wall of the maxillary sinus 

the ostium of the maxillary sinus allows the maxillary sinus to open up into which meatus?

the middle nasal meatus

the maxillary sinus drains in which meatus?

the middle nasal meatus

the position of the ostium lies well above the floor of the sinus, what is wrong with this position? and what does this mean for infections? 

it makes it unfavourable for drainage, which may require surgical intervention 

in the maxillary sinus the roots of which teeth are found?

the pre-molars and molars

which of the teeth is the closest to the maxillary sinus?

the 2nd molar specifically the apex of its palatal root (one of the 2nd molar’s roots)

what can sometimes separate the maxillary sinus and the teeth instead of bone? 

mucosa 

when extracting teeth in this region why should you be careful?

Because an oro-antral fistula can form

what is an oro-antral fistula?

a pathological opening between the maxillary sinus and the oral cavity

what is the strongest bone of the face and bears the lower teeth? 

the mandible 

which part of the mandible carries the lower teeth and the alveolar processes?

the body of the mandible

name the parts of the mandible 

1 - ramus of mandible 

2- angle of mandible 

3 - masseteric tuberosity of mandible 

4 - pterygoid tuberosity of mandible 

5 - mandibular foramen 

6 - condylar process of mandible 

7 - head of mandible 

name the labelled parts of the diagram

D - retro-molar fossa (behind 3rd molar tooth)

C - inter-radicular septum

B - interdental (bony) septum

A - alveolar socket

name the parts

yellow line - mental foramen (located between first and second pre-molars)

blue line - mandibular canal

pink line - mandibular foramen

the roof of the oral cavity is formed by which (two) structures?

the hard and soft palate

what is the hard palate composed of? 

the incisive bone (premaxilla) 

the palatine processes of the maxillae 

the horizontal plates of the palatine bone 

the incisive bone is what part of the maxilla and holds what sort of teeth?

the incisive bone is the ventral part of the maxilla and houses the incisor teeth

does the incisive bone develop as an independent bone or part of the maxilla completely?

it develops as an independent bone

what suture separates the maxilla from the incisive bone? 

the incisive suture 

the palatine process of the maxilla connects to the contralateral palatine process of maxilla through which suture?

median palatine suture

Label the parts

label the parts