A+P Module 2

Gross anatomy

the study of organs and structures visible to the naked eye

how many lobes does the right lung have

3

how many lobes does the left lung have

2 (because of the heart)

Hilum

“root” of the lung, where the pulmonary vessels and bronchi enter each lung

What does a healthy lung look like

a very light texture and is peachy/pink in color

visceral pleura

directly covers the lungs

parietal pleura

covers the surfaces surrounding the lungs: the rib cage, diaphragm, and mediastinum

Three main functions of the respiratory system

1) air conduction

2) air filtration

3) exchange of gases (respiration)

parts of the conduction system

nostrils, pharynx, larynx, trachea, paired primary bronchi, and bronchioles

Parts of the filtration portion

nostrils, trachea, and bronchi

parts of the respiration portion

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

Parts of the pharynx include

nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

advantages of the shared path of the pharynx

allows for breathing during congestion and while eating, and it allows for greater intake of air during exercise

glottis

an opening to the larynx,

vocal cords

located on the sides of the glottis, produce sound when air is expelled past them

Single cartilages include

epiglottis, cricoid cartilage, and the thyroid cartilage

Paired cartilages include

arytenoid cartilage, corniculate cartilage, and cuneiform cartilages

How is the trachea held open

with C-shaped cartilaginous rings

what may cause pneumonia

large amounts of aspiration

what are the steps for swallowing

1) the larynx rises and the trachea is closed

2) the soft palette moves up and back to cover the nasal passages

3) the food moves to the esophagus

what lines the entire bronchiole tree

respiratory epithelium

Terminal bronchioles

smallest air conducting bronchioles

respiratory bronchioles

transitional zone in the respiratory system concerned with both air conduction and gas exchange

extend from the ends of the respiratory bronchioles

alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and single alveoli

alveoli

tiny air pockets

alveolar sacs

where the alveoli are found in grape-like clusters

alveolar ducts

where the alveolar sacs meet the respiratory bronchioles

alveolar represent…

the site of gas exchange as well as the blood-air barrier.

capillaries can be found…

sandwiched between two separate alveoli

function of the cilia

to remove debris from the respiratory tract

goblet cells

produce mucus to trap debris

stratified

layered

squamous

flattened

simple squamous

single layered cells in the smaller bronchioles used for gas exchange

surfactant

a lipoprotein covering the luminal surface to keep the alveoli from sticking together during exhalation

types of alveoli

Type 1 alveoli, Type 2 alveoli, and macrophages

type 1 alveolar cells

Make up 95% of alveolar epithelium. They form very thin, simple squamous epithelium of the alveoli in junction with capillaries

type 2 alveolar cells

Make up 5% of alveolar epithelium. They produce and secrete pulmonary surfactant, and can divide to replace damaged Type I cells.

alveolar macrophages

found in abundance. Primary immune defense to phagocytize toxic particles, allergens, or infectious material

steps for respiration

1) breathing

2) external respiration-gas exchange with the environment

3) internal respiration-gas exchange blood and tissue fluid

4) aerobic cellular respiration-ATP production

requirements for diffusion (gas exchange)

moist, thin, and large in relation to the body. high vascularization helps

ventilation

happens as air is inhaled and exhaled. creates a negative pressure environment with the pleural space

inhalation

ribcage moves superiorly and anteriorly. the diaphragm flattens, pulling the lungs open and air into the lungs

exhalation

the rib cage lowers, the diaphragm moves back up, pressure increases again and air moves back out.

incomplete ventilation

not all of the air is removed from the lungs. This helps conserve water and keep a constant temperature

Diffusion

exchange of gases between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries. Oxygen flows into the capillaries and co2 into the alveoli

alveolar air

oxygen rich

air in the blood of pulmonary capillaries

carbon dioxide saturated

hemoglobin

assists in natural diffusion

oxyhemoglobin

combined oxygen and hemoglobin

how much oxygen can one cell carry

more than 1 billion. Each hemoglobin can carry 4 and there are ˜250 million hemoglobin in a cell

carbaminohemoglobin

connected carbon and hemoglobin. used to remove carbon dioxide from the tissues. (about 30% of it)

emphysema

damage to the alveoli. the inner walls of the alveoli to become weak and rupture. breathing becomes difficult due to a loss in the total gas exchange.

cystic fibrosis

the epithelial cells produce mucus without enough saline. the mucus becomes thick and clogs the respiratory tract.

pulmonary edema

accumulation of fluid in the lungs. the fluid makes a crackling sound

pleurisy

inflammation of the pleurae. causes sharp chest pain as the layers rub together creating friction. difficult to hear the heart

spirometer

measure pulmonary ventilation by breathing into the device

Tidal Volume

amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle of quiet breathing. This is typically about 500ml of air.

inspiratory reserve volume

maximum amount of air able to be inhaled beyond normal inhalation. This is typically around 3000mL of air.

expiratory reserve volume

maximum amount of air able to be exhaled beyond normal exhalation (with determined effort), typically around 1200mL of air.

residual volume

amount of air remaining in lung that cannot be exhaled, typically 1300mL of air.

vital capacity

inspiratory reserve, expiratory reserve, and tidal volume

total lung capacity

vital capacity and residual volume

inspiratory capacity

tidal volume and inspiratory reserve

functional residual capacity

residual volume and expiratory reserve