Studied by 25 people
I used Mrs. Graham's answer key for this Knowit, so just know that none of this work is actually mine. Also, plz don't use this to cheat. Have a great summer.
Christopher
Columbus’
voyage to the
Americas (1492)
Columbus set sail for Spain in 1492 attempting to find new trade routes to Asia.
Impact: With the financial help of Spain, his voyage to the Caribbean led to the Spanish colonization and enslavement of Native Americans, as well as European colonization in the Americas.
Columbian
Exchange (1492)
The Columbian Exchange was the sharing of animals, plants, and European diseases. The Europeans acquired corn, tomatoes, tobacco, syphilis.
Impact: The Columbian Exchange decimated native populations (upwards of 90%)
Treaty of
Tordesillas (1494)
In 1493, the Pope divided the lands in the New World between Spain and Portugal. Portugal controlled Brazil and Spain controlled the rest of Central and South America.
Impact: This accelerated European expansion into the Americas by the beginning of the 16th century.
The beginning of
the Transatlantic
Slave Trade
(1500s)
Triangular Trade Route: A 3-part trade route in which a merchant ship starting in Europe would transport goods (rum, clothing, firearms) to West Africa to trade for African slaves. The ship would then set sail across the Atlantic via the Middle Passage, those who survived the voyage were sold into slavery. The cash crops would be shipped to Europe and converted into a finished product and the process started all over again.
Impact: The number of enslaved persons in the Americas drastically increased in the 16th century and were forced to endure harsh working conditionsby the European colonizers.
The Encomienda
System (1512)
The Spanish used this in the New World to enslave the natives and forced them to labor in the fields or the mines looking for precious metals.
Impact: The Native Americans had a 90% mortality rate due to the introduction of European diseases. Those who did not die from disease died from the forced labor systems under the Encomienda.
Valladolid Debate
(1550s)
In Valladolid, Spain, Bartolome de Las Casas and Juan de Sepulveda argued over the enslavement of the natives. De Las Casas was against it and recommended using African slaves while Sepulveda argued in favor of the encomienda.
Impact: The Spanish began using the Asiento System, which was the importing of slaves from Africa in order to replace Indian labor. The Catholic Church organized Spanish missions to convert the natives to Christianity.
English colony of
Roanoke (1587)
English settlers established this colony near present day North Carolina. But, the colony disappeared in 1590 and the only clue to what happened to them was the word CROATOAN, which was carved onto a tree trunk. The colonists were probably either attacked or incorporated into the local Croatoan tribe.
Impact: Roanoke was considered the “Lost Colony”. For the next 20 years after the failure of Roanoke, England did not attempt to colonize in North America.
Jamestown (1607)
Jamestown, Virginia (1607): First permanent English settlement in North America. For the first 17 years, it was a disaster and unprofitable. (Would not have survived without assistance from Native Americans)
Impact: Jamestown endured a “starving time” in the first years of the colony, but when tobacco was introduced to Jamestown, it was a turning point for the colony.
Virginia House of
Burgesses (1619)
It was the first representative colonial assembly in Virginia.
Impact: This type of colonial government established principles of colonial self-rule within the English colonies in North America.
Puritans and
“Mayflower
Compact” (1620)
Puritans: A very strict religious group, persecuted in England, and settled in New England hoping to gain religious freedom. Under the leadership of William Bradford (the first governor of Massachusetts), the Puritans left England on the Mayflower. Mayflower Compact, which established a civil government and proclaimed their allegiance to the king.
Impact: The Mayflower Compact is significant because it served as a form of colonial self-government and a model for an early written constitution.
John Winthrop’s
“City on a Hill”
speech (1630)
John Winthrop, a highly educated individual, commanded the expedition and set sail with 17 ships and 1000 people to settle the area.
Impact: “The City Upon a Hill”, a speech made by Winthrop in 1630 to describe the importance of Boston, Massachusetts as a model Puritan community for generations of Americans to admire and study.
Reasons for
creation of other
New England
colonies near
Mass. Bay Colony
(1630s)
The Puritans of Massachusetts Bay established strict religious guidelines for those living in their colony, and many individuals either chose to leave Mass. Bay or were exiled out as a result of their religious opposition to the Puritans way of life.
Impact: This led to the creation of Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Hampshire in New England, in which the early settlers of these new colonies established governments which were much more tolerant of other religions and religious views.
Pequot War (1637)
Connecticut in 1637. The English colonists initiated this conflict with the Pequot tribe because they wanted access to their lands as well as to monopolize the trade with the local tribes.
Impact: The Pequot War demonstrated that the fragile peace that existed between the English settlers and Native American tribes was shattered.
Fundamental
Orders of
Connecticut
(1639)
Connecticut established a colonial government and a constitution known as the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut in 1639 which became the first written constitution in America, creating a representative government.
Impact: The government of Connecticut had representative assembly elected by popular vote and a governor elected by the people.
Maryland Act of
Religious
Toleration (1649)
The “Maryland Act of Religious Toleration” in 1649 was a document allowing freedom of worship in Maryland to all Christians.
Impact: Although a Protestant rebellion within this colony caused the repeal of this act, Maryland was still very religiously tolerant compared to the other colonies (such as Massachusetts).
King Philip’s War
(1675)
King Philip's War was an armed conflict in 1675–1676 between indigenous inhabitants of New England and New England colonists and their indigenous allies.
Impact: King Philip’s War is considered the bloodiest war per capita in U.S. history. It left several hundred colonists dead and dozens of English settlements destroyed or heavily damaged. Thousands of Indians were killed, wounded or captured and sold into slavery or indentured servitude. The war decimated the Narragansett, Wampanoag and many smaller tribes and mostly ended Indian resistance in southern New England, paving the way for additional English settlements.
Bacon’s Rebellion
(1676)
Nathaniel Bacon and backcountry lower class colonists in Virginia vs. Governor William Berkley and the wealthy elites. The conflict began because of a border conflict with Native Americans. Bacon and his followers took over Jamestown because they were angry that the wealthy elites were not protecting them from Native American attacks.
Impact: Highlighted 2 long lasting disputes in colonial VA (1. sharp class differences between wealthy planters and landless or poor farmers, 2. colonial resistance to royal control) Also led to the end of indentured servitude and led to a sharp increase in the number of slaves brought to the English colonies.
Pueblo Revolt
(1680)
This event occurred in present day Santa Fe, New Mexico. The Pueblo Indians revolted against the Spanish when they began to suppress Indian tribal practices and forced them to convert to Christianity. The Pueblo Indians drove the Spanish out of the city.
Impact: The successful revolt kept the Spanish out of New Mexico for 12 years, and established a different power dynamic upon their return. The Pueblo Revolt holds great historical significance because it helped ensure the survival of Pueblo cultural traditions, lands, languages, religions, and sovereignty.
William Penn and
Pennsylvania
(1681)
William Penn created the proprietary colony in 1681 and wanted to develop the legal basis for a free society.
Impact: Quakers were the most democratic religious organization in the colonies. They believed in separation of church and state, had representative assemblies, believed in equality between the sexes, and were Pacifists (non-violent people)
Zenger Trial
(1739)
In 1735 John Peter Zenger, a NY newspaper editor was brought to trial for criticizing the royal governor of New York. Zenger’s story was true, but it was against British law to criticize colonial leaders.
Impact: Zenger was acquitted, and this led to the foundation for the freedom of the press.
The
Enlightenment
(1730s)
A philosophical movement that promoted scientific reason rather than faith alone to make sense of the world.
Impact: Foundation for America’s justification for engaging in the American Revolution and the break with Great Britain in 1776.
The First Great
Awakening (1739)
Ministers, such as Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield, of the First Great Awakening used methods such as open-air campground meetings in remote areas where no churches existed in order to convert more people.
Impact: Very appealing to women and minority groups who began to play a larger role in these new churches. It weakened the established churches (Puritans) in the British colonies and led to divisions over religious beliefs Fostered independent thinking which helped the colonists prepare for the American Revolution Ensured that freedom of religion would be an important aspect of the New Republic.
Stono Rebellion
(1739)
Near Charleston, South Carolina...the largest uprising of enslaved people in the British mainland colonies prior to the American Revolution.
Impact: As a consequence of the uprising, lawmakers imposed a moratorium on slave imports and enacted a harsher slave code. Enslaved people resorted to insurrection, first in the British colonies and later in the southern United States.
Beginning of the
French and
Indian War (1754)
Territorial disputes between England and France in the Ohio River Valley in North America.
Impact: The War resulted in England defeating the French, colonial resentment with British soldiers, large war debt for England, and the beginning of the end of salutary neglect.
Note
Flashcard