Patho- Hematology

Which of the following types of white blood cells (WBCs) are granulocytes ?

Neutrophils,Eosinophils,Basophils

The assessment of a patient indicates signs of an acute systemic inflammation, and an infection is suspected. Which of the following findings in the WBC diff would provide evidence to support a diagnosis of an acute bacterial infection?

increase in neutrophils

The WBC diff of the CBC indicates an increase in the number of banded neutrophils (i.e., the banded neutrophil count is higher than the normal range). What does this finding mean?

The bone marrow is releasing immature neutrophils at a higher rate than normal.

The WBC diff of the CBC shows an elevated percentage of monocytes.  Which problem might this elevated monocyte level indicate? 

chronic inflammation

Which type of white blood cells is the "first responder" in the innate immune response?

Neutrophils

Which type of white blood cells are the primary cells of the adaptive immune response?

Lymphocytes

In the adaptive immune response, "Antigen Presenting Cells" (such has neutrophils and macrophages) phagocytize "non-self" particles (called "antigens") and then "present" those "non-self antigens" to the immune cells that direct the adaptive immune response.

Which type of lymphocytes RECEIVE the message from the "Antigen Presenting Cells"?

T-helper lymphocytes (CD4 cells)

Which phase of adaptive immunity results in the production of antibodies?

humoral immunity

Which of the following cell types are created from B-lymphocytes and are the sites of antibody production in humoral immunity?

Plasma Cells

In the adaptive immune response, which type of lymphocyte is capable of destroying body cells that have been marked with "non-self" antigens?  (For example, a body cell that has been infected by a virus.)

T-cytotoxic lymphocytes (CD8 cells)

A patient's lab results show an increased level for the Prothrombin Time / INR tests.  The increases on these tests indicates that clotting is occuring:

slower than the normal rate

A patient with an increased PT/INR has slower rate of formation of blood clots, which means that the risk of BLEEDING for this patient is:

increased

The primary component of blood clots are the fibrin strands that make up the "meshwork" of the clot. These fibrin strands are produced from a plasma protein called "fibrinogen."  

Blood tests indicate that a patient has a DECREASED (low) level of the plasma protein fibrinogen. This patient's risk of bleeding will be:

increased 

What information is provided by the clinical measurement called the “oxygen saturation”?

how much oxygen is carried in the blood bound to hemoglobin molecules inside the RBCs.

What information is provided by the clinical measurement called the PaO2?

The amount of pressure exerted by the molecules of oxygen gas dissolved in the plasma.

The CBC report shows the following:

• Decreased RBC count

• Decreased hematocrit

• Decreased hemoglobin

• Decreased Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)

• Decreased Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)

Which of the following RBC disorders would commonly have these findings/

Iron Deficiency Anemia

CBC results for a patient indicate decreases in the RBC count, hematocrit, and hemoglobin. The patient also noted to be jaundiced, with a “yellowish” appearance of the skin and the sclera of the eyes.

Which of the following conditions is this patient likely to have?

Hemolytic Anemia

A patient has had a GI illness for several days, with many episodes of vomiting and diarrhea. The patient’s lab work shows the following:

• Increased serum osmolality

• Increased sodium

• Normal blood glucose

• Increased hematocrit

• Normal hemoglobin

• Normal MCV and MCHC

Which condition is indicated by these lab values?

Relative (secondary) polycythemi