Kinesiology Ch.13: Shoulder Joint

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering shoulder anatomy, musculature, goniometry, and clinical pathologies based on the lecture transcript.

Glenoid fossa

A teardrop-looking fossa on the edge of the scapula where the head of the humerus articulates.

Synovial joint

A type of joint characterized by the presence of synovial fluid inside the joint capsule.

Ball and socket joint

A joint category with three degrees of freedom; in the shoulder, it prioritizes mobility over stability.

Abduction

A movement described as moving a body part away from the body, similar to being taken away.

Adduction

A movement described as adding a body part closer to the body.

Circumduction

A combination of shoulder motions often used in pendulum exercises for shoulder replacement rehabilitation.

Scaption

The natural way the arm is raised, occurring at approximately a $45$ degree angle.

Shoulder Flexion (Ideal Range)

The ideal measurement range for this motion is from $0$ to $180$ degrees.

Shoulder Extension (Ideal Range)

The movement of pulling behind the back, with a typical ideal range of $0$ to $60$ degrees.

Labrum

A ring around the glenoid fossa made of cartilage that helps deepen the fossa to provide joint stability.

Bursa

Fluid-filled sacs, such as the subacromial bursa, located between joints and muscles to provide cushioning.

SITS muscles

An acronym for the four rotator cuff muscles: Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor, and Subscapularis.

Deltoid tuberosity

A rough area on the humerus where all three heads of the deltoid muscle (anterior, middle, and posterior) insert.

Axillary nerve

The nerve branching from $C5$ and $C6$ that innervates the Teres minor and the deltoid muscle.

Biceps brachii

A muscle with two heads (long and short) responsible for shoulder flexion, elbow flexion, and forearm supination.

Intertubercular groove

Also called the bicipital groove, it is the anatomical landmark where the long head of the biceps brachii sits.

Pectoralis major

A large chest muscle with clavicular and sternal portions that inserts at the lateral lip of the bicipital groove.

Latissimus dorsi

A massive muscle covering the mid and lower back that performs extension, hyperextension, medial rotation, and adduction.

Teres major

A muscle originating near the inferior angle of the scapula that performs shoulder extension and adduction but is NOT part of the rotator cuff.

Triceps brachii

A three-headed muscle (long, lateral, and medial) on the posterior humerus that inserts at the olecranon process of the ulna.

Supraspinatus

A SITS muscle that sits in the fossa above the spine of the scapula and performs shoulder abduction.

Infraspinatus

A SITS muscle located below the spine of the scapula responsible for lateral rotation and horizontal abduction.

Subscapularis

A rotator cuff muscle located on the anterior surface of the scapula (between the scapula and ribs) that performs medial rotation.

Fascia

A fibrous sheet over muscles, such as the thoracolumbar fascia, that can restrict movement if it becomes too tight.

Force couple

The functional interaction where the deltoid and rotator cuff muscles work together to produce coordinated shoulder motion.

Closed kinetic chain

An exercise or movement where the distal segment is stabilized/fixed, such as using crutches for ambulation.

Adhesive capsulitis

Commonly known as frozen shoulder, it is characterized by inflammation and tightening of the joint capsule.

Impingement syndrome

Pain caused by compression between the acromial arch and the head of the humerus, often due to a loss of scapulohumeral rhythm.

Subluxation

A partial dislocation of the shoulder joint where joint integrity is compromised but not completely lost.