aphug unit2

agricultural density

number of farmers per unit of arable land

anti-natalist policies

policy designed to curtail population growth by reducing fertility rates
ex. china's one-child policy

arable land

land suited for cultivation

arithmetic density

average number of people per unit of land area

brain drain

phenomenon where a country or place loses young, more educated and skilled people through migration

carrying capacity

number of people in a particular environment or earth can support sustainably

chain migration

process by which people's migration to a new place leads family, friends, and others to move to the same place
ex. pilgrim's voyage to america

crude birth rate (CBR)

average number of births per 1000 people (traditional method of measurement)

crude death rate (CDR)

number of deaths per year per 1000 people (mortality rate)

demographic transition model (DTM)

model that shows how CBR and CDR as well as resulting rate of natural increase (RNI) change over time as countries industrialize/urbanize

demography

the statistical study of populations and its change

dependency ratio

the number of dependents in a population that each 100 working-age people (15-64) must support

doubling time

the number of years it takes for a population to double in size

emigration

act of a migrant leaving place/country of origin

epidemiologic transition

seeks to explain how changes in health services and living standards affect parts of disease

forced migration

migration caused by uncontrolled forces (disasters, social conflicts, development projects)

guest worker

person with temporary permission to work in another country

immigration

act of a migrant arriving in a destination country

infant mortality rate (IMR)

measure of how many infants die within the first year of life per 1000 live births

internal migration

migration within the borders of a country

internally displaced person (IDP)

someone who remains within their country's borders despite persecution. they do not leave because of limitations within their country or ability or access to resources.

intervening opportunity

nearby attractive locale where migrants may decide to settle instead of a farther destination

life expectancy

the number of years a person is expected to live from birth

net migration

the difference between the number of in-migrants and out-migrants

physiological density

the average number of people per unit area of arable land

population pyramid

a graphic device that shows gender and age and gender distribution of a population

pro-natalist policies

designed to boost fertility rates and population growth
ex. russia's "day of conception" encourages couples to conceive a child

pull factor

attributes of other places that make them appealing for migrants
ex. economic opportunities, nice climate, physical amenities

push factor

factors that cause people to be dissatisfied with present locales
ex. persecution (racial, religious, political), war, natural disasters

rate of natural increase (RNI)

the difference between number of births and deaths in a given year, when expressed as a percentage of total population

refugee

people who leave their country because of persecution

replace rate

average number of children needed to replace both parents and stabilize population over time (also called replacement level fertility)

step-migration

migration carried out in stages, usually from nearby to bigger/more distant places
ex. central americans migrate to mexico then to the U.S.

total fertility rate (TFR)

the average number of children born per woman during reproductive lifetime

transhumance

phenomenon where herders and livestock move seasonally between summer and winter pastures

voluntary migration

migration that is done willingly

zero population growth (ZPG)

when a country has the same number of birth/deaths in a given year (RNI \= 0)