cholesterol
precursor to steroid hormones
agonist
binds to receptors + activates receptor
antagonist
binds but doesn’t activate → blocks agonist from binding
degrees of unsaturation
saturated fatty acids pack more tightly | trans fats pack more tightly than cis
simple diffusion
small, uncharged molecules + lipid soluble
facilitated diffusion
large, charged molecules via channel proteins
primary active transport
uses ATP to pump against concentration gradient
secondary active transport
uses electrochemical gradient to pump across membrane
cytosis
bulk transport of large, hydrophilic molecules → requires energy (active transport)
endocytosis
wrapping around a substance + bringing it inwards via a vesicle/vacuole
phagocytosis
“eating” around solid objects
pinocytosis
“drinking” around dissolved materials
receptor-mediated endocytosis
substances bind to receptors in order to absorb
clathrin
protein that coats vesicle
exocytosis
vesicle gets released
cytoplasm
organelles + cytosol
nucleus
houses DNA (replication + transcription)
nucleoplasm
cytoplasm of nucleus
nuclear pores
holes in envelope that allow transport of molecules
nuclear lamina
provides structural support + regulation
nucleolus
produces rRNA + assembling ribosomal subunits
ribosomes
not organelle → carries out translation
rough er
continuous with outer membrane of nuclear envelope, has ribosomes,
smooth er
extension of rough er, produces lipids, steroid hormones, + detoxifies cells