chapter 2: cells and organelles

dat bootcamp

cholesterol

precursor to steroid hormones

agonist

binds to receptors + activates receptor

antagonist

binds but doesn’t activate → blocks agonist from binding

degrees of unsaturation

saturated fatty acids pack more tightly | trans fats pack more tightly than cis

simple diffusion

small, uncharged molecules + lipid soluble

facilitated diffusion

large, charged molecules via channel proteins

primary active transport

uses ATP to pump against concentration gradient

secondary active transport

uses electrochemical gradient to pump across membrane

cytosis

bulk transport of large, hydrophilic molecules → requires energy (active transport)

endocytosis

wrapping around a substance + bringing it inwards via a vesicle/vacuole

phagocytosis

“eating” around solid objects

pinocytosis

“drinking” around dissolved materials

receptor-mediated endocytosis

substances bind to receptors in order to absorb

clathrin

protein that coats vesicle

exocytosis

vesicle gets released

cytoplasm

organelles + cytosol

nucleus

houses DNA (replication + transcription)

nucleoplasm

cytoplasm of nucleus

nuclear pores

holes in envelope that allow transport of molecules

nuclear lamina

provides structural support + regulation

nucleolus

produces rRNA + assembling ribosomal subunits

ribosomes

not organelle → carries out translation

rough er

continuous with outer membrane of nuclear envelope, has ribosomes,

smooth er

extension of rough er, produces lipids, steroid hormones, + detoxifies cells