Social Psychology CCC Dual Enrollment Quiz 2

hindsight bias

tendency to exaggerate, after learning an outcome, one’s ability to have foreseen how something turned out. The tendency to think that we could have predicted something that we probably would not have been able to predict

Social psychology

Distinguishes common sense facts from common sense myth by using the scientific method. Identifies boundary conditions and mechanisms rather than simple facts. Under which conditions and why does an effect occur? Sometimes has counter-intuitive findings, has a lot to add to common sense

Conceptual variables

The characteristics that we are trying to measure

operational definition

The particular method that we use to measure a variable of interest

Self report measures

measures in which individuals are asked to respond to questions posed by an interviewer or on a questionnaire

behavioral mesures

measures designed to directly assess what people do, seeing what they do physically

physiology measures

actually seeing what’s happening inside the human’s brain, with EEGs and fMRIs

falsifiability

that the outcome of the research can show either that there is support for the hypothesis or that there is actually no relationship between the variables.

observational research

research that involves making observations of behavior and recording those observations in an objective manner

research hypothesis

specific prediction about the relationship between the variables of interest and about the specific direction of that relationship

Correlational research

research for and test hypotheses about the relationships between two or more variables

Correlational Design advantages

Study real-world behavior, Discover associations among variables, Allows (in some instances) prediction

Correlational Design disadvantages

Cannot establish cause and effect

Common-causal variables/third variables

variables that are not part of the research hypothesis but that cause both the predictor and the outcome variable and thus produce the observed correlation between them

Experimental research

research designs that include the manipulation of a given situation or experience for two or more groups of individuals who are initially created to be equivalent, followed by a measurement of the effect of that experience.

independent variable

The variable researchers deliberately change

dependent variable

The outcome researchers expects to change as a result

random assignment to conditions

determining separately for each participant which condition he or she will experience through a random process

internal validity

the extent to which changes in the dependent variable in an experiment can confidently be attributed to changes in the independent variable

field experiments

are experimental research studies that are conducted in a natural environment

Factorial research designs

experimental designs that have two or more independent variables

experimental confederate

a person who is actually part of the experimental team but who pretends to be another participant in the study

External validity

the extent to which relationships can be expected to hold up when they are tested again in different ways and for different people

meta-analysis

a statistical procedure in which the results of existing studies are combined to determine what conclusions can be drawn on the basis of all the studies considered together

Demand effect

Participants may alter their behavior if they guess the hypothesis.

experimenter effects

Researchers may unintentionally influence participants if they know their condition.

Experimental Design advantages

Establishes cause and effect

Experimental Design disadvantages

Results may lack external validity (i.e., do generalize to the real world), Field experiments (experiments in a natural setting like a classroom), have external validity but are difficulty to conduct, Some important variables cannot be manipulated (e.g., happiness)

Deception

Participants are deliberately given false information.

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Before collecting data, researchers submit their procedures to them, where they evaluates risks, benefits, recruitment, consent, privacy, and safeguards.

Ethical Responsibilities

informed consent, debrief, confidentiality, protection from harm, right to withdraw